Essay --

ME I spent nearly 15 years harboring un-forgiveness against an individual. I was 7 years old I lost my M some other .My father was left hand to raise s until now children. We didnt have much and it showed in my appearance and unkempt hair. I remembered sitting in class ane particular day the instructor asked each of us what we wanted to be when we grew up. When the time came for me to answer I stood up and said that I wanted to be a teacher and she looked at me and said you should think of something else more realistic. I had heard hurtful words repeatedly as a child only that day, I was broken by them. I recall how the entire class laughed and made fun of me and years later I believed that I was never going to amount to anything, and everything I attempted failed. It was as if those words were like a crackpot and chain on me. My Dad was a weekend alcoholic back then and he worked hard during the week but on the weekends he was never around. My childhood was a very lonely one, I didnt have any friends, only when associates, but there was this guy name Chris, he was a sweet and very nice boy. I use to talk to him from time to time but he was very reserved and was always by himself. I felt badly for him, after all, I felt that we were both misfits. We had become good friends, and even though he wasnt much of a talker, neither of us seemed to mind, we were just grateful to have the other as a friend. Then one day I learned that he had committed suicide. We hadnt been friends all that long but he was the only friend I had and I was unfeignedly hurt, angry, and I even questioned and blamed God for allowing it to happen. I couldnt understand how he would allow it and I had a hard time dealing with it. I had to get away, so when I turned 18 I decided to ... ...e command, or any Holy words provided, as they argon in the other two Sacraments. Also, a foot washing is void of evangelical grace, or pardon of sin, which is why it should not be practiced in the chu rch as Sacrament. I pray that you learned from this study of Jesuss example, and I pray that God continue to stir us up to live lives which are pleasing in His sight and from which He get all the honor and glory.It was due to this study that I was able to free myself by forgiving the teacher who spoke nothingness into my life and those who made my life a living hell growing up. Immediately when I forgave them I felt as if that ball and chain that was attached to me just broke into and fell off. I no longer receive the report of others I believe what God said astir(predicate) me. I perform feet washing according to the teaching of Jesus I just do not perform them as Sacrament.

Gatsbys Destruction :: essays research papers

Gatsbys Destruction Gatsbys destruction is caused by his inability to let go of a dream which can non be realized possessing Daisy Buchanan. He does not care so much for the person herself as the ideal she represents to him true love and happiness. In the hopes of attracting Daisy, and in the hopes of becoming happy, Gatsby amasses a vast horde of wealthiness, and throws extravagant parties frequently "At least once a fortnight a corps of caterers came down with several(prenominal) hundred feet of canvas and enough colored lights to make a Christmas tree of Gatsbys enormous garden. On buffet tables, garnished with glistening hors doeuvre, spiced baked hams move against salads of harlequin designs and pastry pigs and turkeys bewitched to a dark gold" (page 44) Such grandeur would be more than adequate to please most people, but not Gatsby. He cannot be happy until he is with the ideal woman, in the ideal relationship. Gatsbys greatest strengths as a character, and his great est weaknesses, are his ambition, tenacity and discipline. At the end of the novel, we see that Gatsby has been this way since he was a child. His father comes upon one of his "resolve sheets" that he used to make. It reads "Rise from bed..........................................600 A.M. Dumbbell exercise and wall scaling........615-630 Study electricity, etc..................................715-815 Work..........................................................830-430 Baseball and sports....................................430-500" (p.181) and so on. This, as Gatsbys father says "Just goes to show you" (page181). It shows the reader that Gatsby was always destined for a modus vivendi of wealth, but never destined to enjoy it. From childhood, Gatsby has been disciplined, ambitious, and tenacious. He was unwavering in his dedication to certain goals. Unfortunately, Gatsbys ultimate goal was unattainable. Daisy comes from a family of great wealth and "old mon ey". She is a member of an elite society of abstruse, snobbish people. Although she did not love her husband, she values the status and protection he provided for her. If she left turkey cock for Gatsby, she would lose this status and protection. Gatsby, although he is rich, is not "old rich". Because of this, he is looked down upon by members of Daisys class. Consequently, she would not leave her status for someone who she cared for. She estimation her social obligations more important than Gatsbys "true love". The arrogance of her class comes across as Tom talks to Gatsby, who is probably more rich than he is, but not of the older aristocratic class " Shes not leaving me.

Lillian Hellman Essay example -- essays research papers

Comparing Lillian Hellmans The Childrens Hour and The Little Foxes.& angstromnbspLillian Hellman was a well-known American dramatist who was born(p) in 1905 in New Orleans ("Hellman," 1999). She later moved and attended New York public schools and went on to go to New York University and Columbia University as well. inwardly the confines of her youth, there had been confusion about her family background (Harmon, 1999). There has always been talk about her parents troubled marriage and other events have cropped up to do Hellman an intriguing figure. Yet, she went on to grow up and find a husband, something typical in her day. She married another playwright named Arthur Kober, simply this relationship ended in divorce ("Hellman," 1999 James, 1999). Her intimate friendship with the novelist Dashiell Hammett would continue until his death in 1961 (1999). Yet, Hellman would never remarry.Hellman did not begin to write plays until the 1930s, her dramas are well known f or focusing on various forms of evil ("Hellman," 1999). Her work has not escaped criticism however. She has been criticized at various times for her doctrinaire views but she nevertheless kept her characters from becoming kindly points of view by including credible dialogue and a realistic intensity which put her a step above her peers ("Hellman," 1999). Indeed, Hellman wrote with the skill of a professional but the emotions of a child. I feel she was able to capture the innermost fears and thoughts of people, drawing on their most hideous features. In the encyclopedia Hellman is described as an American Dramatist, whose plays are distinguished for the forcefulness of their matter, usually a condemnation of personal and social evil. They are also notable for character development and expert reflexion (Encarta). These points come through clearly in both The Childrens Hour and The Little Foxes. Interestingly, Hellman seemed to entitle these works in an innocuous but mischievous way. In a variety of works, it appears that Hellmans themes have all centered around evil and lies. They have drawn on things that, for the most part, people do not resembling to look at. Her works are truly disturbing, as she forces the audience to dig deep into their own psyches. It is important to note that Hellman had grown up in interest times. She was a teenager in the Roaring ... ...x Plays by Lillian Hellman. New York Vintage Books. pp. 1-78Hellman, L. (1979). &quotThe Little Foxes.&quot Six Plays by Lillian Hellman. New York Vintage Books. pp. 147-199 James, C. (1999, may 31). &quotThat 50s Cocktail of Hellman, Hammett and the Red Scare.&quot New York Times, pp. E1.Kaupunginkirjasto, K. (2000, July 22). &quotLillian Hellman (1905-1984)&quot online&ltwww.kirjasto.sci.fi/lhelman.htm&gtMcHenry, R. (1995, December 20). &quotHellman, Lillian (biography), Her Heritage A Biographical Encyclopedia of renowned American women&quot &lte lectronic library&gtReuben, P. (2000, July 22). &quotChapter 8 American Drama-Lillian Hellman.&quot PAL Perspectives in American Literature- AA research and course credit guide. online&ltwww.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap8/hellman.html&gt Webb, K. (2000, July 22). &quotIts all a lie Destructive dishonesty in the works of Lillian Hellman.&quot online&lthttp//www2.rpa.net/webb/kaw/allalie.htm&gtWright, W. (1996, November 3) &quotWhy Lillian Hellman remains fascinating.&quot New York Times pp. H9.

American Cultural Myths Essays -- ideal families, ideal lifestyles, id

The United States and cultural myths pertaining to this country have been a topic of password for many years. Stephanie Coontzs The Way We Wish We Were, David Brooks One Nation Slightly Divisible and Marg bet Atwoods A garner to America are each essays about different American cultural myths. Each author focuses on a different cultural myth that pertains to the United States. They explain how these myths are bilk a practical view of America. As well as changing the perception of the country as a whole. The major cultural myths of America among the texts are about ideal families, ideal lifestyles, and a ideal country. legion(predicate) couples in the United States idealize the myth of a tradition family. The idea that a char can spend quality time with her child while maintaining an effective sexual life with her partner seemed to have caused a lot of stress during the 1950s. Coontzs says this hybrid idea drove thousands of women to therapists, tranquilizers, or alcohol when t hey tried to live up to it. (Coontz, 569). Which explains that it is merely impossible to try to mold a family to be ideal. Many families still strive for a traditional life, which they define as life back in the day. They need to forget the past and start living in the 21st century. Two-thirds of respondents to one national poll said they wanted more traditional standards of family life.(Coontz, 582). Which goes to show that many families want to change to what once used to be perceived as an ideal family but the same percentage of people rejected the idea that women should return to their traditional role.(Coontz, 582). Families want to take bits and pieces from what used to be traditional families over time and create their own i... ...United States once had amongst the world has lessened, which is also why seeing America as an ideal country would be thwarting a realistic view of the country. If the United States just takes a step back from trying to be the most dominant country , it can bump its status among other nations.Stephanie Coontzs, David Brooks, and Margaret Atwood all discuss American cultural myths in their respective essays The Way We Wish We Were, One Nation, Slightly Divisible, and A Letter to America. All three authors elaborate on specific cultural myths, whether it is about an ideal family, an ideal lifestyle, or an ideal country as a whole. As a result of analyzing the three texts, it is clear that the authors critique Americas image in their own was. As well as elaborate on why the realistic view of the United States is being squelched by major cultural myths.

Has Feminism Benefited the American Society? :: Gender Roles, Womens Right

Feminism has transferred an impact on the Ameri nookie society. Some of the benefits include restructured views on careers, schooling, and privileges wowork force obtain. The womens movement was the briny triumphant movement of the 1960s and 1970s (Epstein 125). However, without the victory of the movement nothing would be the same as it is these days. In conclusion, women vision themselves differently now because what they did thirty years ago (Epstein 125). For instance, women pursue infinite amounts of career options that they would have been deprived of in the past. For example, in 2008, Governor Sarah Palin was running as Senator John McCains vice presidential candidate (Baxter Paragraph 1). Because of the womens movement, women like Sarah Palin strive to aim the most of it. Possibly someday, in the future, the president could be a female. Women make up four-teen part of the active duty military force (Velasquez 7).Without that four-teen percent the armed forces could be outnumbered. Women worked their way up to being able to shield their county in a benefitting way. On the other hand, there are more women applying for positions in medical schools all across the country (Chambers Paragraph 1). Any career can be possessed by women these days. In other words, the movement allowed men and women the option to follow their career preferences. Without the womens movement, women would have been deprived of a palmy future in a fascinating profession of their choosing. Additionally, over the years women have progressed in their educational studies. For instance, women currently make up fifty-seven percent of all college students (Marklein Paragraph 2). This proves that women are competent of succeeding and accomplishing more than men. As a result, women have gained the freedom to be able to strive for a arcdegree and be able to be independent. Almost one in four women earns a bachelors degree compared to one in seven men (Hechinge r Paragraph 2). Women have traveled along way from not even being able to attempt working for an education. Without working women America would have a hard time advancing and keeping up with work demands. Besides, women compromise forty-six percent of the total United States labor force (Perkins 1).This is a will that women are no longer being discriminated against in any aspect of life.

Has Feminism Benefited the American Society? :: Gender Roles, Womens Right

Feminism has transferred an impact on the the Statesn society. Some of the benefits include restructured views on careers, schooling, and privileges women obtain. The womens movement was the main triumphant movement of the 1960s and 1970s (Epstein 125). However, without the victory of the movement nothing would be the same as it is these days. In conclusion, women vision themselves differently now then what they did thirty years ago (Epstein 125). For instance, women pursue infinite amounts of career options that they would have been deprive of in the past. For example, in 2008, Governor Sarah Palin was running as Senator John McCains vice presidential candidate (Baxter Paragraph 1). Because of the womens movement, women like Sarah Palin deform to make the most of it. Possibly someday, in the future, the president could be a female. Women make up four-teen percent of the active duty military deplume (Velasquez 7).Without that four-teen percent the armed forces could be outnumbered. Women worked their way up to being able-bodied to shield their county in a benefitting way. On the other hand, there are more women applying for positions in medical schools all across the country (Chambers Paragraph 1). whatsoever career can be possessed by women these days. In other words, the movement allowed men and women the option to follow their career preferences. Without the womens movement, women would have been deprived of a prosperous future in a fascinating profession of their choosing. Additionally, over the years women have progressed in their educational studies. For instance, women currently make up fifty-seven percent of all college students (Marklein Paragraph 2). This proves that women are competent of succeeding and accomplishing more than men. As a result, women have gained the freedom to be able to strive for a degree and be able to be independent. Almost one in four women earns a bachelors degree compared to one in seven men (Hechinger Paragraph 2). Women have traveled along way from not even being able to attempt working for an education. Without working women America would have a hard time advancing and keeping up with work demands. Besides, women compromise forty-six percent of the total United States labor force (Perkins 1).This is a testament that women are no longer being discriminated against in any aspect of life.

My Ideal Classroom Essay

Essay on my holy man classroom set up for elementary school children. My ideal classroom is not entirely, but almost based on fun. My main objective is to have kids come into my class room and feeling that Ms. Englishs classroom is a whole lot of fun. Not only do I hope my classroom to be fun, but I also deficiency it to be a special place for in all of my children. My ideal classroom would have all of the services for all of my children to learn, grow, and thrive. At the same time, I want my classroom to be simple and not too busy.I feel a busy classroom tends to make children feel overwhelmed and more easily distracted. As far as seating arrangements go I would have to be with my class for at least a full week to figure egress the configurations of the classroom. I would most likely situate the children in a group spirtat so that they can socialize and interact with each other. I would form this group configuration based on my observations on who works well together and wher e the distractions originate from etc. My desk would be situated where I could see all of my students.If I were to get a Kindergarten classroom I would probably situate the seats in a group setting or large tables. If I had a third grade classroom I would definitely have a big group meeting mat where everyone can gather close to during class meetings. I would also make sure to have comfortable chairs and a big couch for children to grab books and read. I want my students to have a comfortable place where they can read and relax. This furniture would be situated right next to my depository library area.I would have a huge library for my students. The bigger the library, the more books and you can never have enough books in a classroom. I would also have a computer center in my classroom. I feel that children need many tools in order to learn and grow. Even though a computer is a machine, I feel that it is a vital secern of the classroom. I would hope to have at least two computers for my students to work on. Some children do not have access to computers at home and I think that they are a huge tool for a childs success.They also bring in technology in the classroom which is important. Next to the computer station I would love to have a science center where children can work directly with their hands. I want a hands-on center where children can try new things and learn about animals and plants etc. I think it would be fun for my students to learn and at the same time just fool around with all the neat science stuff. A quiet area is another part of my ideal classroom. I think a quiet area would be very beneficial for my students.I would try and enclose a couple of desks off in a corner with bookshelves for any children who need some alone or work time. My classroom would also have many visuals. I want every part of my classroom to be learning aides. The children should learn from what I put on the walls. I would have many signs up for the different centers and put up the first rudiment (in Murray format of course), drawings, pictures, colors, numbers, shapes, basically everything to cater to the grade level that I teach. I would also make sure that I cater to any of the special take students that I probably will have.This write up of my ideal classroom is obviously not perfect however, I feel that it is an adequate sketch of how I would visualize my own classroom. I think being in the actual environment, and getting to know your students, along with learning from experience on what works and what doesnt is what will help me set up my classroom. Daily Routine 830-900-Morning Meeting/Opening Circle 900-1030-Reading/Language Lessons 1030-1100-Reading 1100-1200-Math Lessons 1200-100-Lunch 100-130-Social Studies/Science 130-215-Movement/Physical Activity/Special 230-300-Reading/Class activity/Dismissal.

Islamic Studies †Death and Disease Essay

Death and disease occur all around us they are habitual hu homosexual experiences. Muslims look upon death as a transitional phase betwixt this sustenance and the next. Since the enjoy ment of the present life is just little as compared with the here aft(prenominal) a true Muslim shall non fear death. Death and disease are both necessary methods of biological control, without which problems such as overpopulation would be widespread. They in addition allow us to appreciate life and safe health respectively, without which our society is likely to take a lot more for granted. The classic theistic view of this life world a running play by God is single upheld by Muslims. In perspective of this, disease is principally viewed as oneness of the ways of carrying out this test the ultimate reward for which being paradise. A practical utopia in which there is no suffering would lead to a military man of automata one in which our freedom would be undermined and thus nullifying the test for which we were placed on land.Those of us who ab pulmonary tuberculosis this freedom and live for this life alone shall be punished by Allah, some remaining in hell for eternity. This open fire be seen by some to conflict with Gods mercy as it may seem harsh, all the same Muslims take the view that it is necessary so as to differentiate fully between good and evil, awarding each provided what they de work. Disease can be one of the means of coming to death and is an experience that comes to us all. It can be seen to have some(prenominal) solves depending on the circumstances. The next verse illustrates Muslims views on life being a test He who has created death and life that he might try you-which of you is best(p) in deeds. In order to be tested we must undergo hardship- disease being one example. Those with patience and who affirm their faith whilst saying as all who are suffering should Surely to Allah we belong and to Him shall we return are those who will h ave succeeded in the test.Those who blame Allah and result in blasphemy or kufr are those who will have failed. This test is essential as it allows differentiation between the latter and the former. The word test in Arabic can also mean misfortune, an example of which being disease, which has some other purposes besides being a test. Yet only Allah is satisfactory to assess these purposes and thus we are only able to make generalised comments. For the mootr, disease or more generally misfortune is a bounty from Allah as it can be a means of civilization of sins and also enduring disease increases our reward. The prophet was reported to have said You are not a believer until you see misfortune to be a bounty and good fortune to be undesirable This is because many of those who are given the illusory pleasures of this life stray from the right path, for as we know cater corrupts. All misfortune to believers is of benefit. A Muslim scholar was reported to have said. God did not ca use disease upon a Muslim in this life but that it will be of benefit to him.Thus it is common that Allah gives Muslims the most misfortune, they are suffering from disease in all parts of the world- yet it shall be of benefit to them. Yet why are those non-believers not usually tested equally? It is because they have already failed in their test- Satan needs not surpass time with those who are already corrupt. The Prophet peace be upon him was reported to have said The greater Allahs love for a person the harder is his test Thus there is a hierarchy of misfortune, the greatest being upon the greatest of us, notably the prophets. Yet for the disbeliever the hereafter begins to manifest itself in this life. Disease can be seen as a just punishment brought upon by themselves And some(prenominal) misfortune befalls you, is overdue to what your admit hands have wrought A contemporary example of this being the sexually transmitted diseases present in todays ever-increasing promiscuou s society.Surely AIDS and the like of it were brought about by their own hands? However, the above verse does not apply to true Muslims as the by-line explains When Ali, son of Hussein-the grandson of the Prophet, was taken to Yazid to be tortured by him, Yazid said And whatever misfortune.hands Ali replied, This verse is not concerning us (me), that which is regarding us is There befalls no misfortune either in the earth or in your own persons, but it is recorded in a Book before We bring it into being Thus Muslims are judge to be patient and to endure disease. Islam has taken several(a) measures to help those with disease. The Quran rightly says, There is no inconvenience for the sick. This is reflected in the fact that those who are ill do not need to fast, those who have a bad leg may sit whilst praying and many other examples.Others with disease should be treated with sympathy, compassion and kindness. Yet the disease of physiological bearing is insignificant when compared with the misfortune that is the spiritual disease. Those who are ill from within are thus also suffering from disease, yet their disease is one of choice. The Quran describes those who are spiritually sick in the following way In their hearts was a disease, and Allah has increased their disease. Death is an experience that all of us will go through, as Allah reiterates in the holy Quran on three separate occasions Every understanding shall taste of death Muslims believe that every person on earth is given a specific time in which to live, thus no person can die except by Allahs leave- a legislation with a fixed term. With this in mind, Muslims should not fear the future.If a persons time has come, there is no evading Azrail, the angel of death Say, If you had remained in your homes, for sure those who on whom death had been enjoined would have gone forth to their deathbeds. With the feeling that our lives are not our own possessions and that only Allah has the right to take lif e from us, homicide, suicide and mercy killing are forbidden in Islam. Also, excessive mourning and lavish graves are also forbidden. Yet how can Muslims believe in life after death? Is it possible that after decaying in the earth we can be brought back to life? There are many ways in which this belief may be justified. virtuoso way takes the form of an experimental argument entirely based on physical research, John Hick suggests that even if we send away the entire range of physical phenomena it remains true that the best cases of trance utterance are puzzling, and taken at face value are revelatory of survival and communication after death.There are also count slight philosophical arguments notably in Platos Phaedo or in the works of Socrates that may also account for the practicability of resurrection. Yet the argument presented in the Quran, in my opinion, is the most direct and feasible. The argument put forward in surat Yasin is self-explanatory Does not man see that We hav e created him from a mere sperm drop? Yet lo He is an open quarreller. He says Who can resurrect the mug up when they are decayed? Say, He who created them the first time will resurrect them Verily his command when he intends a thing is only that He says to it, Be and it is. Death signifies the end of our worldly life. It is the parting of the material and non- material forms the body and the soul. The soul, or al-Nafs, differentiates man from the rest of creation, constituting humans to be the crown of Allahs creation. Muslims believe that Allah only gives to us what is just, similarly our dying is a means of justice for us and others.Death is a necessity and not just a reality, this is highlighted in the following hadith Prophet Muhammad was reported to have said A tribe once approached the prophet of their time and said, Pray to your Lord that death shall no longer be bestowed upon us. And so the prophet prayed and Allah no longer bestowed upon them death. As the years passed, t he population grew until the houses became cramped and the generations many. Men were no longer able to go out and work as they spent their time feeding, washing and cleaning their parent, grand parents, great grand parents And so the tribe went back to their prophet and asked that he pray Allah return death and death was returned Death can also be understood on different levels.Let us consider the following verse Only those who listen can accept. And as for the dead, Allah will raise them to life, then to Him shall they be brought back Yet is not resurrection the same as being brought back to life? So why has Allah said that He will raise them to life then to Him shall they be brought back. The distinction here can be interpreted as meaning those who do not listen (to Allah), but are physically alive, are spiritually dead. Similarly those of whom one may imagine to be dead may also be alive Think not of those, who have been slain in the cause of Allah as dead. Nay they are living in the presence of their Lord and are granted gifts from him. For the believer, death can be seen as a purification of his sins, it is the last pain that a pious Muslim shall endure, but for the non-believer it is the first of an eternity of suffering.One Muslim scholar stated that for the true believer, Death is a journey from a prison to a palace, as the life of this world is nothing but an illusory enjoyment . Yet death can also be seen as a mercy for non-believers Death signifies a rest for he who obeyed his desires in this life, for surely the longer he lived the greater would be his punishment. From the countenance of the angel of death, Azrail, one can tell where he shall reside. It is said that upon death we are shown our position in heaven or hell. For the believer the soul will depart easily, however the non-believer says My Lord, send me back that I may do righteous deeds in the life that I have left behind and the soul departs in a struggle. Yet death is an irrevocable barrier. It is true that our souls leave our bodies every night when we are asleep, yet He retains those against which he has decreed death, and sends back the others cashbox an appointed time.And so after our death we are unable to acquire any more reward, except, as the Prophet Muhammad said, From three things are we able to cause reward after our death A charity, knowledge given to others and noble offspring. At death we are in a transition state between this life and the hereafter, known as al- Barzakh. The Quran describes those in the Barzakh as being Sakra or in a state of stupor. There they will be questioned as to what they did in this life. Punishment or reward starts in this state yet in a non-material form until the Day of Judgement where both body and soul will be resurrected. The practical implications of death to a Muslim are that he must realise that life has a purpose the hereafter. And thus Muslims should use their time on this earth as efficiently as possible, ai ming to fulfil this purpose before the toll of death is upon us. This is reiterated by all the pious men of Islam. The fourth caliph, Ali Ibn Abu Talibs (peace be upon him) words should be adhered to by all Live for this life as if you are to live forever, and live for the hereafter as if you were to die tomorrow.To make full use of these implications, death should be constantly in our minds. To fully understand why Allah allows his servants to suffer from disease, we may consider other views on this topic. The problem of suffering has lead many to disbelieve In Allah. There are three main classic theistic views on this matter. One approach taken by Christian Science, jibe to its founder himself is that Sin, disease, whatever seems real to material sense is unreal. The argument being that suffering does not rattling exist. Another approach put forward by Swinburne and Hick focuses on the notion that all evil is punishment which is justly inflicted by god. Another view, according t o Alvin Platinga says that all suffering comes from the abuse of free will. With regards to disease he proposes that non-human persons have caused us disease by abusing their freedom. Yet all three views can be seen to be flawed. The first view, probably is the most ridiculous of all, and yet even if one could rationally defend this odd conclusioneven if evil is an illusion, it is a painful one and it is therefore false that evil is nothing but an illusion.The second approach being that all disease or suffering is a just punishment from God can also be challenged. D.Z. Phillips asks, What then are we to say of the child that is dying from cancer?, surely this cannot be deserved. The ternary approach seems much more feasible, and has some grounds in Islam. But is disease caused by angels who come down to earth and wreak havoc due to their abuse of free-will? This view by Platinga is one that has no basis in Islam. Islam has provided us with a synthesis of these views. As stated befo re, for the non-believer it can be punishment, for the believer it can be a test of faith or a purification of sins. It is also true that a world without suffering would render our purpose of life null. Disease also serves to emphasise, through contrast, good health.Thus it allows us to appreciate our time of good health more. Eternal hell is mentioned several times in the Quran and Muslims thus believe that some people will go to hell for eternity. Yet it is seen that this does not contradict Allahs mercy for several key reasons. Allah is the most merciful but only to those who actively go about seeking his mercy, for Allah only helps those who help themselves. One who disobeys Allahs orders cannot be expected to be shown as much mercy as those who are good Muslims. And yet it is not as if Allah has left us without direction and guidance. Every man and woman instinctively knows the difference between right and wrong, there are enough signs leading to Allah for those who think and reflect and Allah has sent down many prophets and scriptures to head up mankind. Any deviation is thus out of mans own arrogance and thus should be punished deservingly.Hell for the sinners is also justice to those who did good in life, for if those that lived for the pleasures of the worldly life too went to heaven this would be a grave injustice to the pious amongst us. As opposites, heaven and hell serve to emphasise each other. Thus the prospect of hell acts as a deterrent preventing many from doing wrong and thus making the world a fall apart place. Socrates goes one step further claiming that heaven comes from hell, opposites come from opposites in the case of things which have an opposite.Although the words of Socrates seem somewhat extreme, taken in a less literal sense, what he says has bearing on all that which we have discussed Death, disease and hell. We may ask our selves, would there be death without life? Or would there be disease without good health? Or would there be hell without heaven? All of which Allah has bestowed upon us creating a perfect natural balance.BibliographyAn induction to the philosophy of religion by Brian Davies Islam by Rosalyn Kendrick Islamic Teaching Course, volume one by the IPCI Meezan Al-Hikmah volume 1,4 and 5(in Arabic) by Mohammed Shahristany Platos Phaedo by Plato Philosophy of morality by John Hick Summa Theologiae by Aquinas The translation of the blessed Quran by Yusuf Ali Holy Quran, 938 Holy Quran, 673 Holy Quran, 2157 Holy Quran, 4231 Holy Quran, 5723 Holy Quran, 2462 Holy Quran, 211 Holy Quran, 3186, 2136, 2958 Holy Quran, 3155 Hick, J., Philosophy of Religion, p128 Holy Quran, 3678-83 Holy Quran, 637 Holy Quran, 3170 Holy Quran, 3186 Holy Quran, 23100 Holy Quran, 3943 Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, Ia, 13,5. Davies, B., An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion, 37 Ibid,37 Gallop (ed.), Platos Phaedo, 17ff

Presenting for Success Quotes

Lifes like a movie, write your own ending forbear believing, keep pretending Weve done just what weve set out to do Thanks to the lovers, the dreamers, and you. Kermit the frog There are two types of people those who come into a room and say, Well, here I am and those who come in and say, Ah, there you are. Frederick Collin The great power ever bestowed upon mankind is the power of choice. Choose to persist without exception. make up fast to your dreams and stay the course, even in the saying of exhaustion, rejection, and uncertainty. Andy Andrews Twenty years from now you will be much disappointed by the things you didnt do than by the ones you did do. So throw off the bowlines. Sail away from the safe harbor. Catch the trade winds in your sails. Explore. Dream. Discover. -Mark Twain People often say that motivation doesnt last. Well, neither does bathing.Thats why we recommend it daily Zig Ziglar A positive attitude wont help you do anything, but it will help you do everything better than negative thinking. Zig Ziglar We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, therefore, is not an act but a habit. Aristotle Knowing is not copious we must apply. Willing is not enough we must do. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe You gain strength, courage and confidence by every experience in which you really stop to look fear in the face You must do the thing you think you cannot do. Eleanor Roosevelt Nothing in this world can take the place of persistence. Talent will not nothing is more common than unsuccessful people with talent. Genius will not unrewarded genius is al more or less a proverb. Education will not the world is effective of educated derelicts. Calvin Coolidge May we never let the things we cant study, or dont corroborate, or shouldnt have, spoil our enjoyment of the things we do have and can have. As we value our happiness, let us not for furbish up it, for one of the greatest lessons in life is learning to be happy without the things we can not or should not have. Richard L. Evans Did you ever see an miserable horse? Did you ever see bird that had the blues? One reason why birds and horses are not unhappy is because they are not trying to impress other birds and horses. Dale CarnegieWhen one door of happiness closes, another opens but often we look so long at the closed door that we do not see the one that has been opened for us. Helen Keller There are three types of people in this world those who make things happen, those who visualize things happen and those who wonder what happened. We all have a choice. You can decide which type of person you want to be. I have always chosen to be in the first group. Mary Kay Ash I think there is something, more important than believing Action The world is full of dreamers, there arent enough who will move ahead and begin to take concrete steps to actualize their vision. W. Clement Stone What this power is I cannot say all I know is that it exists and it becomes available onl y when a man is in that state of mind in which he knows exactly what he wants and is fully determined not to quit until he finds it. Alexander Graham Bell A man can be as great as he wants to be. If you believe in yourself and have the courage, the determination, the dedication, the competitive drive and if you are willing to sacrifice the little things in life and pay the price for the things that are worthwhile, it can be done. Vince Lombardi Youve got o sing like you dont need the money, love like youll never get hurt. Youve got to dance like no one is watching. Its gotta come from the heart, if you want it to work. Susannah Clark Dont say you dont have enough time. You have exactly the same number of hours per day that were given to Helen Keller, Michaelangelo, Mother Teresa, Leonardo da Vinci, Thomas Jefferson, and Albert Einstein. H. Jackson Brown If you want to get somewhere you have to know where you want to go and how to get there. Then never, never, never give up. Nor man Vincent PealeFor many people, an excuse is better than an achievement because an achievement, no matter how great, leaves you having to prove yourself again in the future but an excuse can last for life. Eric Hoffer If I were asked to give what I consider the single most useful bit of advice for all humanity, it would be this Expect trouble as an inevitable part of life, and when it comes, hold your head high. Look it squarely in the eye, and say, I will be bigger than you. You cannot defeat me. Ann Landers Crystallize your goals. Make a plan for achieving them and set yourself a deadline.Then, with supreme confidence, determination and disregard for obstacles and other peoples criticisms, await out your plan. Paul Meyer Goals help focus you on areas in both your personal and professional life that are important and meaningful, rather than being manoeuver by what other people want you to be, do, or accomplish. Catherine Pulsifer Success is waking up in the morning, whoever you are, wherever you are, however old or young, and bounding out of bang because theres something out there you love to do, that you believe in, that youre good at something thats bigger than you are, and you can hardly wait to get at it again today. Whit Hobbs someways I cant believe that there are any heights that cant be scaled by someone who knows the secrets of making dreams come true. This special secret curiosity, confidence, courage, and constancy, and the greatest of all is confidence. When you believe in a thing, believe in it all the way, implicitly and unquestionable. Walt Disney I believe life is constantly testing us for our level of commitment, and lifes greatest rewards are reserved for those who demonstrate a never-ending commitment to act until they achieve. This level of resolve can move mountains, but it must be constant and consistent. Tony Robbins

Pre-school children Essay

I carried out my observation on a assort of pre-school children consisting 1 boy and 2 girls for 13 minutes in the morning free job session. These children were about to do cockle and twig printing for the scratch line time. The equipment that was provided was yellow paint, brown paint and green paint all of these were in small paint trays. in that respect was also sugar paper for the children to print their leaves on. There was also various sized pitchs and twigs in a small tray. Each child went and put their aprons on. Then they came and sat sown around the table on the chairs.I explained to them what they have to do and I demonstrated this by dabbing a leaf into the paint and printing it onto a piece of sugar paper. Then I got a piece of twig and dabbed it into the paint and printed it onto the sugar paper. The children listened to me carefully and thence they started to their printing. A picked a large leaf using her right and looked at it, and then she give tongue to wow, look at how many colours this leaf has, 1, 2, 3 different colours. Next she carefully lifted another large leaf she dabbed it into the green painted. Next she printed the leaf onto the large piece sugar paper.R picked up a twig and he stroked it into the brown paint next he stroked the twig onto the piece of sugar paper and whilst he was doing this he said this paint is going in lines, it looks like chocolate, weeeeehhh. Beside this K picked up a leaf and dabbed it into the yellow paint. K rubbed the leaf into the yellow paint, next he lifted the leaf from the yellow paint and placed the leaf in the green paint, and once again he rubbed the leaf and said while doing this he excitedly said I am mixing colours. Next I asked the children where do leaves get from? A quickly answered they come from trees. R added then they fall off the trees. K also added twigs come from trees as well. K said Look, I made a nice picture, she also added I have got 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 leaves printed. Soon aft er R picked up a leaf and said loudly this leaf is red, yellow and brown. A picked up a twig and using both of her hands she turn it into the green paint, she next rolled the twig onto the sugar paper. A picked up 3 different sized leaves and placed them onto the sugar paper and said this one is tiny, this one is a pocketable bit bigger and this one is the biggest.R then said excitedly look my twig has made patterns. A leaned over to have look at Rs picture. A said it hassss . Then she looked at her picture and said look My leaves have made patterns in the middle. Next K held up her paper and said I am finished . She placed her paper on the drying rack and took her apron off, washed her hands and went to play with round toys. R and A also said that they had finished they placed their pieces of paper onto the drying rack. Next they removed their aprons and washed their hands and went to play. E6 & E7 & E10I carried out my observation on a group of morning children of the pre-schoo l for a total of 13 minutes approximately whilst they had a free play. I observed how a group of children play with natural materials and noting how it helps them to learn. While I was observing this small group of children playing I noticed that this activity helps them to learn about the knowledge and understanding of the world. I also noticed that they were interacting and communicating really well with each other. You can view this by reading my observation in E5.But we must regain that each child develops at their own pace. This group of childrens ages range from 36 years to 3 9 years. The Foundation Stage political platform states Knowledge and Understanding of The World children notice and comment on patterns (2000, pg89). This averment was from the green area stepping stone and this shows me that this group of children are at the correct developmental stage. But we must remember that each child is an individual. Also The Foundation Stage Curriculum states Mathematical Dev elopment children count actions and objects that cannot be moved (2000, pg 75).This statement from The Foundation Stage Curriculum is from the green area stepping stone, and it shows me that K is at the correct developmental stage because you can see from my observation in E5 that K was counting the leaf printings on her piece of sugar paper. The Foundation Stage Curriculum also states Mathematical Development children use size language such as big and little. This statement shows me that R is at the correct developmental stage because he was using size language when he was describing the deuce-ace leaves. You can see this by viewing my observation in E5.

Mrs. Walters

Throughout my stay my mom was consistently dirty, and the bath elbow room fixtures were rusty. Additionally, I had to request fresh towels each evening of my stay. To rack up matters worse, the casino was extremely loud and the music did not stop until 3 A. M. I complained to the Front Desk Manager, Rail Rodriguez, and requested another room but was told thither were no other rooms available. No one from the hotel addressed my concerns and I was told repeatedly that housekeeping had been alerted to my complaints. Despite my repeated complaints, my room was neer properly cleaned and was never furnished with fresh towels.Because of the casino noise, I was unable to sleep comfortably for two nights. Hence, my time spent In Puerco Rice was nerve-wracking. The cost of a room with a king sized bed and an ocean view, at the time of my booking, was $190 per night and I stayed for 3 nights. In Dalton, a resort stir up of 20% was added to my bill. As this accommodation was prepaid through e xpelled. Com, I was told that I could not request a refund at the hotel. Considering that I made some(prenominal) complaints that were documented and showed assiduity In walling for the situations to be Improved, I am writing to request that I be refunded the cost of my accommodation.The customer service for this branch necessitate to be Improved. The Front Desk Manager should be more sensitive to the needs of your guests. Additionally, housekeeping routines should be consistent. It Is extremely distressing for a traveler to experience such(prenominal) poor service. With this In mind, I think It only well-founded for your company to refund the cost for my stay at you San Juan hotel. Sincerely, Mrs.. Walters By emailprotected Com San Juan, Puerco Rice, 00785 I am a frequent traveler but this is the first time I have stayed in your San Juan hotel. Two nights. Hence, my time spent in Puerco Rice was nerve-wracking.The cost of a per night and I stayed for 3 nights. In addition, a re sort charge of was added to my bill. As this accommodation was prepaid through expedited. Com, I was told that I that were documented and showed patience in waiting for the situations to be improved, I am writing to request that I be refunded the cost of my accommodation. The customer service for this branch needs to be improved. The Front Desk Manager routines should be consistent. It is extremely distressing for a traveler to experience such poor service. With this in mind, I think it only reasonable for your company to

Micro Economic Environment Essay

The economic environment consists of external factors in a business market and the broader economy that can put to work a business. You can divide the economic environment into the microeconomic environment, which affects business decision-making such as individual actions of firms and consumers, and the macroeconomic environment, which affects an total economy and all of its participants. umteen economic factors act as external constraints on your business, which means that you take up little, if any, control over them. Lets take a look at both of these broad factors in more detail Macroeconomic influences are broad economic factors that either directly or indirectly affect the entire economy and all of its participants, including your business. These factors include such things as Interest ratesTaxesInflationCurrency exchange ratesConsumer discretionary incomeSavings ratesConsumer arrogance levelsUnemployment rateRecessionDepressionMicroeconomic factors influence how your busi ness will make decisions. Unlike macroeconomic factors, these factors are far less broad in scope and do not necessarily affect the entire economy as a whole. Microeconomic factors influencing a business include Market size of itDemandSupplyCompetitorsSuppliersDistribution chain such as retailer storesWhy Is It Important?The economic environment of business will play a pivotal role in determining the success or also-ran of a business. Lets first consider somemacroeconomic factors. If involution rates are too high, the cost of borrowing may not permit a business to expand. On the other hand, if unemployment rate is high, businesses can welcome labor at cheaper costs. However, if unemployment is too high, this may result in a recession and less discretionary consumer spending resulting in insufficient sales to restrict the business going. Tax rates will take a chunk of your income and currency exchange rates can either help or have the exporting of your carrefours to specific foreign markets. Now, lets turn our attention to microeconomic factors for a bit. Market size may determine the viability of entering into a new market. If a market is too small, there may not be sufficient demand and profit potential.This leads us to the concept of demand and supply. If your yield is in high demand but there is a low supply of it, you are going to make a tidy profit, but if your product is in low demand and the market is flooded with similar products, you may be facing bankruptcy. The quality and quantity of your competition will affect how hearty you do in winning customers in the marketplace. Suppliers are the arteries pumping vital supplies and resources to you for production. If you have problems with suppliers, it can clog up those arteries and cause serious problems. Likewise, the type of relationship you have with your distributors, such as retail stores, may influence how quickly your products leave their shelves.SummaryThe environment in which a business operates is very complex and has a great deal of influence on how a business performs and whether it will succeed. Macroeconomic factors influence not only a business but similarly all participants in an economy and include such things as interest rates, inflation, unemployment rates, taxes, discretionary spending, periods of growth and recession. Microeconomic factors also influence the success or failure of a business and include such things as market size, demand, supply, competitors, suppliers, and distributors.

Business process outsourcing

The objective is to develop a software for BPO management system. Business butt on outsourcing (BPO) is a subset of outsourcing that involves the undertake of the operations and responsibilities of specific business functions (or processes) to a third-party service provider. BPO management system is used to effectively manage the business activities of a BPO organisation. This system adopts a broad approach to minimize the manual work and schedule resources, time in a cogent manner.It is designed for hiring any company, that is , it is generalised system for business process management. The core of the system is to maintain employee details and customer details and company details. Employee details include id, construct, address, shift timings, category (based on the field of expertise), number of calls attended and salary details. Salary increment and perks (employee benefits) for each employee get out be done in the end of the month depending upon the number of calls attended for that abandoned month.Employees recruited for various companies will be trained according to their expertise and will be given knowledge about the different departments also so that they can handle the calls of other department when they are idle. Customer details include name, phone number, address, area of complaint or area of doubt. For a complaint registered for more than a given span of the time (say 15 days, depending on the hiring company) the complaint will be logged into a separate file for immediate processing. Company details include the name of the company, number of employees working for the company and the contract details.

Native American and African before the Europeans

According to Kennewick Man in his article that for NAGPRA and different related legal purposes, the federal government defines native Americans as any tribe, people, or finish that resided in the territory of the United States forwards historic European contact and exploration. At present, there ar more(prenominal) than 2,000,000 intrinsic Americans in the United States, represented by 769 federally recognized tribes (See K. Man, Who are Native Americans? other(prenominal) concepts of Native Americans). In Wikepedia, the free encyclopedia stated that the term natal people of the America encompasses the inhabitants of the Americas in the lead the arrival of the number one European explorers in the late 15th century, as well as many an(prenominal) present-day ethnic groups who identify themselves with those historical people (See endemic Peoples of the Americas. From wikipedia, the free encyclopedia).On the other hand, the National Museums Liverpool make in its website tha t the people of West Africa had a rich and varied history and culture long before the Europeans slavers arrived. They had a wide variety of political arrangements which include commonwealths, city and other organizations, each with their own languages and culture (See Africa before European slavery. National Museums Liverpool).Native AmericansEven though cultural features included language, garb, and customs vary staggeringly from one tribe to another, there are certain elements which are shared by many of the endemic people of the America (See Indigenous Peoples of the Americas. From wikipedia, the free encyclopedia).Native America music of North America Indians is almost only if monophonic but there not notable exceptions. Traditional Native American music frequently includes drumming but little other instrumentation, although flutes are played by individuals. While the art of the endemical people of Central Mexico and Central Americas comprises a major category in the world ar t collection. Their contributions are pottery, paintings, jewelry, weavings, sculptures, basketry, and carvings (See Indigenous Peoples of the Americas. From wikipedia, the free encyclopedia).*European Colonization*In wikipedia, its researched stated that the European colonization of the Americas forever changed the lives and cultures of the endemical peoples of the continent. In 15th century up to 19th century, their populations were ravaged by the privations of displacement, by disease and in many cases by warfare with European groups and enslavement by them. The first indigenous group that was met by Columbus was ab give away 250,000 in number which were the Arawaks of Hispaniola and this group was enslaved by them. These European people also brought illnesses against which the indigenous people of America had no immunity (See Indigenous Peoples of the Americas.From wikipedia, the free encyclopedia). According to David Ruvolo that the history of America devotion is dominated by the presence of Christianity brought to the New World by European settlers. Time had run out for the indigenous race that populated the continent of North America. Native Americans were faced with an enemy that was more mature like with the Israelites of the sixth century B.C.E. (See D. Ruvolo, A Summary of Native American Religious).*Africa before the European slavery*According to Olaudah Equiano on his autobiography which he wrote in 1789 stated that the part of Africa which was known by the name Guinea to which the trade is carried on extends along the coast above 3,400 miles from Senegal to Angola and includes a variety of kingdoms. This kingdom is divided into many provinces or distinct. In one of the most remote and fertile of which is called Eboe. Equiano was born in 1745, in charming fruitful vale named essaka. The distance of the province from capital of Benin and the sea coast essential be very considerable, for Eboe Equiano had never heard about the white men or Europea ns (See O. Equiano. early brio. Merseyside maritime museum).*Agriculture*As Equiano stated that their land was uncommonly rich and fruitful, and produces all kinds of vegetables in abundance. whole industries were exerted to improve those blessings of nature. Agriculture was their chief employment, and everyone even the children and women were engaged in it (See O. Equiano. Early flavour. Merseyside maritime museum).* change state*He continued, Equiano, which their manners were simple and their luxuries were few. The dress of both sexes was nearly the same. It generally consists of a long tack of calico or Muslin, wrapped loosely around the body, somewhat in the form of a highland(prenominal) plaid. This was usually dyed blue, which their favorite color. It was extracted from a berry and was brighter and richer than any he had seen in Europe. Their women, of distinction wore favourable ornaments which disposed with profusion on their arms and legs. When their women were not e mployed with the men in tillage, their usual duty was spinning and weaving cotton, which they afterwards dye and made into garments. They also manufacture earthen vessels of which they had many kinds (See O. Equiano. Early Life. Merseyside maritime museum).*Dance and Music*Moreover, Equiano added that they were almost a nation of dancers, musicians and poet. In every slap-up event much(prenominal) as a triumphant return from battle or other work of public rejoicing, was celebrated in public dances which were accompanied with songs and music which was suited to the occasion (See O. Equiano. Early Life. Merseyside maritime museum).*After the Europeans*West Africans had traded with Europeans through merchants in North Africa for centuries. In the 15th century, the Portuguese were the first traders who sailed down the West African coast. After that, the Dutch, British, French and Scandinavians followed. They were mainly interested in precious items such as ivory, gold, and spices, in particular the pepper (See Africa before European slavery. National Museums Liverpool).ReferencesMan, K., Who are Native Americans? Past concepts of Native Americans.Http//www.washington.edu/burkemuseum/kman/who_are_native_americans.htm 2. Indigenous Peoples of the Americas. From wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_AmericasRuvolo, D. A Summary of Native American Religious. Http//are.as.wvu.edu/ruvolo.htm 4. Indigenous Peoples of the Americas. From wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Http//www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/maritime/slavery/abefore.asp 5. Equiano, O. Early Life. Merseyside maritime museum. Http//www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/maritime/slavery/olaudah.aspearlylife

Occurrence And Non Occurrence Of Global Warming Environmental Sciences Essay

What is sublunar thawing? orbiculate heating can be defined as the change magnitude in temperature of Earth melodic line and oceans. The increase of temperature may be little yet important. Global heating is besides the enhanced of glasshouse consequence. Greenhouse consequence keeps due to the being of nursery gases. Greenhouse gases such as C dioxide, methane, etc drink up infr ard radiation therapy. Sunlight radiation passes through the Earth s ambiance, arrives Earth s surface. A set ab bring out of it is absorbed by the Earth s surface while the otherwise impart be re-radiated book binding to infinite in signifier of infrared radiation. Greenhouse gases like C dioxide, methane, etc trap this infrared radiation and reflect it back to Earth s surface and have got warming consequence. Without those nursery gases, urine volition stop dead and thither will be no life on Earth as the Earth s temperature drops dramatically. With excessively much of it, quicksilver(a) heating occurs.I believe there is contingency of wandering(a) heating. Even though there are about statements against planetary heating, For case, some of the people argued that the scientific discipline of planetary heating is non turn offd. Besides, they argued that scientists may overstate the consequence of planetary heating as they entreat to have financess from environmental organisations. Further more(prenominal), some people thought that scientist non ever right, they may do mistakes in deliberation and giving wrong anticipations. Besides, scientists believe that the Sun end product has greatly changed since 1970, so there is non-occurrence of planetary heating. And, some people said that the Troposphere information does nt demo the same grade of warming as expected. Meanwhile, some scientists believe that natural emanation of green house gases is greater than unreal emanation ( Human Activities ) . However, those statements are non-sense. As there are tonss of ground ss prove that there is happening of planetary heating.First, the tightfistedness of nursery gases such as C dioxide is increasing at an speed uping rate.The graph above ( cited from hypertext transfer protocol //co2 now.org/ ) shows the compactness of C dioxide from the twelvemonth of 1955 boulder clay 2010. Concentration of C dioxide increases decennary by decennary. The increasing of soaking up of C dioxide rises the temperature of Earth as it traps the infrared radiation that re-radiated by Earth. Hence, planetary heating occurs. Besides, concentration of methane is increasing dramatically since industrial revolution. The graph below shows that the methane concentration in ambiance fromtwelvemonth of 1984 till twelvemonth of 2005. Methane is one of the nursery gases that able to pin down more infrared radiation if compared to carbon dioxide. broad(prenominal) concentration of methane further increases the consequence of planetary heating.Second, sea spot rises. There are 2 factors that cause sea rise, one of the factors is the Increasing in planetary temperature melts the universe s glaciers that will let go of water system to raise the sea degree. For case, ice cap on Mountain Kilimanjoro ( a mountain that is dictated in north- eastern Tanzania and the risqueest mountain in Africa. ) will be disappeared in 20 previous(a) ages. close 82 % of the ice cap has disappeared since it was foremost mapped in 1912. Besides, great sum ( more or less 87 % ) of Antarctic ice sheets have melted and collapsed into the sea. The 2nd factor is thermic enlargement of sea piddle. As planetary temperature is increasing at an speed uping rate, the temperature of the H2O of the sea additions, sea becomes less dense. This phenomenon will do the sea H2O to distribute. Once spreading occurs, sea H2O degree rises. ( Jeffrey Chanton, 2002 ) This information has proven that sea degree rises twelvemonth by twelvemonth, decennary by decennary.This is the graph that shows t he recent sea degree rise. It is increasing decennary by decennary at an dismaying rate. With merely one sea degree rises, islands such as Maldives would disappear shortly in the hereafter. If this phenomenon continues, shortly, metropoliss like London, Bangkok and New York will below the sea degree. These are the groundss of planetary heating. They are so important.Third, ocean becomes acidic. Concentration of C dioxide is increasing at an speed uping rate. carbon paper dioxide will fade out in ocean H2O, increases the concentration of H ions ( H+ ions ) as C dioxide will go carbonaceous acid, carbonaceous acid will further hydrolyse to hydrogen ions. here is the equation of it.CO2 + H2O & A lt = & A gt H2CO3 & A lt = & A gt H+ + HCO3-Therefore ocean H2O becomes acidic. Since 18th century, pH of sea H2O beads by somewhat more than 0.1 units. In the hereafter, the pH value will drop further. The effects are important, H2O that is acidic able to fade out the puzzles of aqu atic beings. Aquatic beings like salmon, oysters and clinchs are sensitive to acidified H2O. Harmonizing to the article of acidified ocean H2O endanger marine life from Mexico to Vancouver Island, scientist, Lanson and her co-workers did some question on sea H2O of Queen Charlotte Sound, North of Vancouver Island, to northern Mexico. They implant out that the sea H2O is caustic. As she mentioned that, the acidified sea H2O brings great impact on shell aquatic beings as the corrosiveness of the sea H2O dissolve their shell. Soon in the hereafter, the ecosystem of ocean will be affected.Fourthly, O depletion zones across universe s ocean. Dead and low life zones are spread dispatch in universe s oceans presents.The graph above shows the correlativity between the concentration of O and C dioxide in hatches and staircases. The concentration of C dioxide is reciprocally relative to concentration of O. This graph has proven that the increasing of concentration of C dioxide that cause planetary heating will do O depletion in universe s ocean every bit good. Harmonizing to a scientific discipline study that published by the research workers of University of Kiel, Germany, states that O content is diminishing in cardinal and eastern equatorial Africa and in the equatorial of Pacific. Besides, zones kill the seashore of California and in the Gulf of Mexico are confronting diminishing in O content. While, subarctic Pacific is the top of it. Oxygen depletion causes extinction of aquatic beings. This will greatly impact human shortly in the hereafter, as human loss their beginning of nutrient. In the hereafter, dead fishes and other aquatic animals will digress on sea surface. More and more oceans will pass on into dead sea because of planetary heating. The bod below shows that the dead fishes that float on sea surface due to oxygen depletion that occurs in their mob ground.The 5th grounds is climate alteration. Climate alteration is the changing of clime over a bound of clip. Climate alteration may be limited to specific parts or occurs globally. Nowadays, the conditions is acquiring hummer and heater. Heat is constructing up on Earth s surface. Drought occurs often in the past 30 old ages due to planetary heating. As an illustration, monolithic California fires. Besides that, planetary warming leads to other result conditions forms such as more hurricanes. For case, in August/September 2004, a moving ridgepole of hurricanes devastates Caribbean islands and parts of south eastern United States. Increasing of temperature of ocean H2O increases the opportunities of hurricanes as the H2O evaporates, it will organize hurricane while warm H2O will assist to keep strength and strength of hurricane. Besides, loaded down(p) rainfall and intense rain occur often presents due to planetary heating. Warmer temperature causes H2O evaporates more and big sum of wet in the ambiance.The graph above shows that the figure of inundation occurred ( repor ted ) around the universe. ( Source of informations OFDA/CRED International Disaster database ) . Number of inundation is increasing twelvemonth by twelvemonth, because of planetary heating.The 6th grounds is the alterations in agricultural field. As planetary heating changes the planetary temperature, utmost conditionss occur modified weed, plague and pathogen exist. Crop create decreases at low-latitude country ( Schneider et al, 2007 ) . Increasing temperature causes The past few old ages have seen the Northern Hemisphere and other topographic points around the Earth experience higher temperatures that caused by planetary heating, which could ease growing features for certain plagues. For case, British Columbia, Canada has had a pine beetle infestation that threatens to destroy between 70-80 % of their woods by 2013. Besides, planetary warming nowadayss new challenges for corn plague direction, as high temperature improves prevalence of insect plagues, increases wintertime-su rvival. Plagues that onslaught corn that is winter-intolerance, due to increasing in planetary temperature, they survive during winter season and they attack corn and causes dropping of harvest output and besides alterations in harvest output variableness. This is proven by scientists, Noah S Diffenbaugh, Christian H Krupke, Michael A White and Corinne E Alexander. Furthermore, harmonizing to on-line diary Environmental Research Letters proves that increasing in planetary temperature reduced production of maizes, wheat and barleycorn by 40 million metric dozenss per twelvemonth between 1981 and 2002. Compared to the information from Food and Agriculture Organization, outputs of wheat, rice, maize, soja bean beans, barley and sorghum, fell by 3-5 % for every 1 grade F rise. Furthermore, harmonizing to MAHA Malaysia, maple sirup production in America is diminishing approximately 10 % due to warmer and shorter winter. While drouth that occurs because of planetary heating causes H2O d eficit, serious thesis greatly affects agribusiness. A scientific study from Colorado State University besides shows that increasing in planetary temperature causes croping lands to be less productive.The graph above shows the decrease of the 10 twelvemonth turn overing growing rate in universe entire harvest yield/hectare since the agricultural revolution ( Data beginning, FAO ) .Besides, human wellness is greatly affected by planetary heating and clime alterations. This can be strong grounds that prove the happening of planetary heating. Extreme conditions events greatly affected human wellness. For case, utmost conditions that causes flood causes human decease and besides water-borne diseases spread in an accelerating rate. While heat moving ridges in Europe in August, 2003 resulted in extra mortality in the scope of 35,000 entire deceases. And drought brought morbific diseases such as meningitis that greatly infected occupants in semi- and sub-Saharan Africa. Climate alteration besides alters the statistical distribution of infective diseases vectors, as hurricanes and rains provide engendering beds for the vectors. Those infective diseases vectors attack human being. Hence, human mortality rate additions. some(prenominal) scientific surveies have found out that higher temperature increased episodes of diarrhoeal disease in grownups and kids in Peru. Increasing in planetary temperature non merely affects harvest output, animate beings yet human being.Water crisis is really familiar in this modern epoch. As planetary heating, clime alteration affects H2O resources. In the West, there is a turning Water exigency in Southern British Columbia, as the reservoirs are now merely at 30 per cent. In China, drought brings H2O crisis, thaw of the glaciers of Qinghai-Tibet tableland in westbound China due to planetary heating reduces their potable H2O resources.The other strong grounds that prove there is happening of planetary heating is the migration of works and aquatic beings in the ocean. For case, many species of plankton are change of location north to get away the warming H2O on the sea surface off Greenland and Alaska. Besides, eider ducks that live on St. Lawrence migrate 100 stat mis north to a part with colder clime. This strongly implicates that the heating of H2O off the island. Furthermore, harmonizing to the on-line diary, Global Warming Effects seen in animate being and works universes, 99 species in North America and Europe showed that wildlife such as birds, butterflies and alpine herbs shifted northerly an mean 6.1km per decennary. Global warming causes temperature-sensitive wildlife to seek for ice chest locations that are farther North. Besides, 172 species of migratory birds, amphibious vehicles were engendering earlier in spring, workss and vegetations blossoming earlier.Those groundss support the happening of planetary heating.

Metaphors by Sylvia Plath

Pregnancy is supposed to be a time of exult and excitement for the arrest to be. However, contrary to popular belief, pregnancy doesnt protect a woman from nice depressed. About 20 % of women experience some type of depressive symptoms during pregnancy, and 10% develop major depression (Kahn, Moline, Ross, Cohen, Altshuler par. 3). tactual sensation in America is an argona of mental illness that is sometimes undetected and people who are disembodied spirit symptoms are unaware that the moods they are experiencing are actually normal signs that can be dealt with by aesculapian experts.According to The American Pregnancy Association, depression that is not treated can hold up potential dangerous risks to the mother and bungle. Untreated depression can lead to poor nutrition, drinking, smoking, and suicidal behavior, which can then cause wrong birth, low birth weight, and developmental problems. A woman who is depressed often does not have the specialism or desire to adequate ly care for herself or her developing baby.Babies born to mothers who are depressed may also be less active, show less attention and are more irritable and provoke than babies born to moms who are not depressed (American Pregnancy Association). In the poem Metaphors by Sylvia Plath, her option of words for the poem see to express her savorings of depression toward the issue of her pregnancy. Plath chose many metaphors to describe her pregnancy. From her choice of words, one gets the feeling as if she is not enjoying the fact that she is pregnant, nor is she looking forward to giving birth.The beginning line, I a riddle in clubhouse syllables, begins the pattern of nine syllable lines, with each line having nine syllables and containing nine lines. This reference to the nine months of pregnancy seemed to be an issue for her, and she unlike many pregnant mothers did not seem to want to relish this period of time. In the game line, Plath used the symbol of an elephant to describ e how she is feeling almost the physical state of her body. She clearly notes that she is getting large, and the metaphor of an elephant clearly communicates this.In the third line, she denotes her size again with the personification, A melon strolling on two tendrils. One can easily picture an expecting mothers lose as a melon and her legs as tendrils, which she definitely needs for pledge as the melon gets larger and larger. In the fourth line, O vehement fruit, ivory, fine timbers she is addressing the actual baby emergence inside her. The red fruit is describing the color of the baby. As she refers to the ivory, she seems to be going back to the second line about the elephant.She is the elephant, only when the baby is the ivory which she uses to describe the babys skin. Finally, as she notes fine timbers, she is again referring back to the second line about a house, and describes the baby as the timbers from which the house is constructed. In the fifth line, she continu es to mention the growing baby, likening it to a loaf of bread rising in the oven. This seems to refer to the expression of having a coil in the oven, and again she shows her obsession of her body image and size.As she states, Moneys new-minted in this fat bag, she seems to be describing how this new baby go away be a financial burden to her because of all the cost associated with raising a child. In the eighth line, when she refers to eating a bag of squirt apples, one gets the impression that she feels sick. The color green signifies feelings of illness. The saying green around the gills comes to mind as an idiom in which green and sickness are denoted. Green apples could also refer to their ripeness.The idea of unripe green apples could be indicating her feelings of not being prepared or wanting the pregnancy. The ninth line, Plath uses the metaphor Boarded the train theres no getting off seems to confirm her feeling of regret about getting pregnant. It seems to infer that P lath realizes that her life will never be the same as it was before and that she is stuck for a train ride that is going to oddment for many years to come. She seems to infer this baby will change her life and she will never have the freedoms she once had.Pregnancy is an emotional time with hormonal activity triggering mood swings. The general expectation is that the expectant mothers are happy and full of excitement. These expectant mothers natural maternal instincts are anticipated to release in and they are supposed to cope beautifully from the beginning of their pregnancy till the birth of the child. In reality, many expectant mothers torment themselves with concerns about their changing bodies and other worries. All of these feelings can trigger a mental disorder called antenatal depression (Antenatal depression).There seems very little emotional support for women who suffer from these types of feelings. When an expectant mother visits her doctor, she is checked physically, b ut very seldom is checked emotionally. Subsequently, depressed moms feel isolated and inadequate and this state of being intensifies their feelings. Sylvia Plath seemed to be suffering from antenatal depression as she conveyed conglomerate feelings, issues of weight gain and body change, and life changes throughout the poem. She seemed focused on the symptoms and things that were occurring, rather than the fact that she was manner of speaking another life into the world.She fixated on her misfortunes due to the pregnancy. Women in America today experience feelings similar to those depict in the poem Metaphors and sometimes try to hide them because they arent expected to experience negative feelings gibe to modern culture. However, these feelings are very real symptoms and need to be addressed so that the mother and baby can be healthy throughout the pregnancy and after the birth process. . Depression In Pregnancy. American Pregnancy Association Promoting Pregnancy Wellness.Web. 15 April 2013. ihttp//americanpregnancy. org/pregnancyhealth/depressionduringpregnancy. html Kahn, David, M. D. , Moline, Margarte L, Ph. D. , Ross, Ruth W. , M. A. , Cohen, Lee S. , M. D. , Altshuler, Lori L,. M. D. Major Depression during idea and Pregnancy A Guide for Patients and Families. 2001. Web. 14 April 2013. http//www. womensmentalhealth. org/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/mdd_guide. pdf Plath, Sylvia. Metaphors. An Introduction to Literature. 16th ed. Glenview Pearson, 2011. 620. Print.

Sensitivity Analysis

Linear Programming Notes VII Sensitivity Analysis 1 Introduction When you handling a mathematical model to describe reality you must bugger off ap professionalximations. The field is much complic haved than the kinds of optimization paradoxs that we argon able to crystalise. Linearity assumptions usually argon signi? sackt approximations. an early(a)(prenominal) important approximation comes because you can non be sure of the data that you put into the model. Your knowledge of the relevant technology whitethorn be imprecise, forcing you to approximate levers in A, b, or c. Moreover, in categoryation may de let step up.Sensitivity analysis is a authoritative study of how sensitive (duh) resolvings atomic number 18 to (small) mixtures in the data. The primary idea is to be able to give answers to questions of the form 1. If the thot intent changes, how does the radical change? 2. If picks available change, how does the firmness change? 3. If a modesty is added to the occupation, how does the root change? One approach to these questions is to solve lots of linear programming problems. For sample, if you think that the price of your essential output go out be amidst $ c and $120 per unit, you can solve twenty di? postulate problems ( bingle for individually whole number between $100 and $120). 1 This method would work, solely it is inelegant and (for heavy(p) problems) would involve a large amount of computation time. (In fact, the computation time is cheap, and computing resolvings to similar problems is a standard technique for studying aesthesia in practice. ) The approach that I lead describe in these notes takes full advantage of the structure of LP programming problems and their solution. It turns out that you can often ? gure out what happens in nigh linear programming problems just by thinking and by examining the information provided by the simplex algorithm.In this section, I get out describe the sensitivity analysis inf ormation provided in Excel computations. I will to a fault try to give an intuition for the results. 2 Intuition and Overview Throughout these notes you should imagine that you must solve a linear programming problem, however accordingly you pauperism to see how the answer changes if the problem is changed. In each faux pas, the results assume that only one liaison active the problem changes. That is, in sensitivity analysis you quantify what happens when only one parameter of the problem changes. 1 OK, there argon really 21 problems, but who is counting? 1To ? x ideas, you may think about a particular LP, say the familiar showcase max 21 subject to 31 x1 2x 1 + + + 42 x2 32 x2 + + + + 3x 3 x3 2x 3 3x 3 + + + x4 4x 4 3x 4 x4 x ? ? ? 12 7 10 0 We know that the solution to this problem is x0 = 42, x1 = 0 x2 = 10. 4 x3 = 0 x4 = . 4. 2. 1 Changing object lens Function Suppose that you solve an LP and hence wish to solve another problem with the homogeneous diffidences but a slightly di? erent target ara function. (I will everlastingly shed only one change in the problem at a time. So if I change the object function, not only will I hold the chastenesss ? ed, but I will change only one coe cient in the objective function. ) When you change the objective function it turns out that there are two cases to consider. The ? rst case is the change in a non-basic shifting (a shifting quantity quantity that takes on the pass judgment zero in the solution). In the example, the relevant non-basic variables are x1 and x3 . What happens to your solution if the coe cient of a non-basic variable returns? For example, suppose that the coe cient of x1 in the objective function above was trim from 2 to 1 (so that the objective function is max x1 + 42 + 33 + x4 ).What has happened is this You have taken a variable that you didnt command to use in the ? rst place (you set x1 = 0) and then shamble it less pro? table ( trim follow outed its coe cient in t he objective function). You are cargo deck mum not termination to use it. The solution does not change. Observation If you reject the objective function coe cient of a non-basic variable, then the solution does not change. What if you raise the coe cient? Intuitively, raising it just a little bit should not matter, but raising the coe cient a lot might induce you to change the comfort of x in a way that makes x1 0.So, for a non-basic variable, you should expect a solution to continue to be valid for a float of assesss for coe cients of nonbasic variables. The range should include all lower determine for the coe cient and some higher evaluates. If the coe cient add-ons lavish (and putting the variable into the earth is feasible), then the solution changes. What happens to your solution if the coe cient of a basic variable (like x2 or x4 in the example) strikes? This situation di? ers from the preceding(prenominal) one in that you are using the basis variable in the ? rs t place. The change makes the variable impart less to pro? . You should expect that a su ciently large reduction makes you want to change your solution (and lower the value the associated variable). For example, if the coe cient of x2 in the objective function in the example were 2 instead of 4 (so that the objective was max 21 +22 +33 + x4 ), 2 maybe you would want to set x2 = 0 instead of x2 = 10. 4. On the other hand, a small reduction in x2 s objective function coe cient would typically not cause you to change your solution. In contrast to the case of the non-basic variable, much(prenominal) a change will change the value of your objective function.You compute the value by plugging in x into the objective function, if x2 = 10. 4 and the coe cient of x2 goes down from 4 to 2, then the contribution of the x2 term to the value goes down from 41. 6 to 20. 8 (assuming that the solution remains the uniform). If the coe cient of a basic variable goes up, then your value goes up and you still want to use the variable, but if it goes up enough, you may want to adjust x so that it x2 is even possible. In many cases, this is possible by ? nding another basis (and therefore another solution).So, intuitively, there should be a range of values of the coe cient of the objective function (a range that includes the superior value) in which the solution of the problem does not change. Outside of this range, the solution will change (to lower the value of the basic variable for reductions and make up its value of affixs in its objective function coe cient). The value of the problem always changes when you change the coe cient of a basic variable. 2. 2 Changing a Right-Hand Side Constant We discussed this topic when we talked about sopranoity. I argued that dual prices capture the e? ct of a change in the amounts of available preferences. When you changed the amount of choice in a non-binding constraint, then increases never changed your solution. Small decreases ex cessively did not change anything, but if you change magnitude the amount of resource enough to make the constraint binding, your solution could change. (Note the similarity between this analysis and the case of changing the coe cient of a non-basic variable in the objective function. Changes in the right-hand(prenominal) side of binding constraints always change the solution (the value of x must adjust to the rude(a) constraints).We saw earlier that the dual variable associated with the constraint measures how much the objective function will be in? uenced by the change. 2. 3 Adding a modesty If you add a constraint to a problem, two things can happen. Your accredited solution satis? es the constraint or it doesnt. If it does, then you are ? nished. If you had a solution before and the solution is still feasible for the new problem, then you must still have a solution. If the original solution does not satisfy the new constraint, then possibly the new problem is infeasible. I f not, then there is another solution.The value must go down. (Adding a constraint makes the problem harder to satisfy, so you cannot possibly do break dance than before). If your original solution satis? es your new constraint, then you can do as well as before. If not, then you will do worse. 2 2 There is a rare case in which to begin with your problem has multiple solutions, but only some of them satisfy the added constraint. In this case, which you posit not have-to doe with about, 3 2. 4 Relationship to the Dual The objective function coe cients correspond to the right-hand side constants of resource constraints in the dual.The aboriginals right-hand side constants correspond to objective function coe cients in the dual. thusly the exercise of changing the objective functions coe cients is really the same as changing the resource constraints in the dual. It is extremely useful to become comfortable switching back and forth between fundamental and dual relationships. 3 Under standing Sensitivity Information Provided by Excel Excel permits you to create a sensitivity report with any solved LP. The report contains two tables, one associated with the variables and the other associated with the constraints.In telling these notes, keep the information in the sensitivity tables associated with the ? rst simplex algorithm example nearby. 3. 1 Sensitivity Information on Changing (or Adjustable) Cells The top table in the sensitivity report refers to the variables in the problem. The ? rst column (Cell) tells you the location of the variable in your spreadsheet the foster column tells you its name (if you named the variable) the ternion column tells you the ? nal value the fourth column is called the reduced cost the ? fth column tells you the coe cient in the problem the ? al two columns are labeled permissible increase and allowable decrease. Reduced cost, allowable increase, and allowable decrease are new terms. They pick up de? nitions. The allowable i ncreases and decreases are easier. I will discuss them ? rst. The allowable increase is the amount by which you can increase the coe cient of the objective function without causing the optimal basis to change. The allowable decrease is the amount by which you can decrease the coe cient of the objective function without causing the optimal basis to change. Take the ? rst row of the table for the example. This row describes the variable x1 .The coe cient of x1 in the objective function is 2. The allowable increase is 9, the allowable decrease is 1. 00E+30, which delegacy 1030 , which really means 1. This means that provided that the coe cient of x1 in the objective function is less than 11 = 2 + 9 = original value + allowable increase, the basis does not change. Moreover, since x1 is a non-basic variable, when the basis stays the same, the value of the problem stays the same too. The information in this line con? rms the intuition provided earlier and adds something new. What is co n? rmed is that if you lower the objective coe cient of a non-basic ariable, then your solution does not change. (This means that the allowable decrease will always be in? nite for a non-basic variable. ) The example also demonstrates your value will stay the same. 4 that increasing the coe cient of a non-basic variable may lead to a change in basis. In the example, if you increase the coe cient of x1 from 2 to anything greater than 9 (that is, if you add more than the allowable increase of 7 to the coe cient), then you change the solution. The sensitivity table does not tell you how the solution changes, but common sense suggests that x1 will take on a convinced(p) value.Notice that the line associated with the other non-basic variable of the example, x3 , is remarkably similar. The objective function coe cient is di? erent (3 rather than 2), but the allowable increase and decrease are the same as in the row for x1 . It is a coincidence that the allowable increases are the same. I t is no coincidence that the allowable decrease is the same. We can conclude that the solution of the problem does not change as long as the coe cient of x3 in the objective function is less than or equal to 10. watch now the basic variables. For x2 the allowable increase is in? ite 9 while the allowable decrease is 2. 69 (it is 2 13 to be exact). This means that if the solution wont change if you increase the coe cient of x2 , but it will change if you decrease the coe cient enough (that is, by more than 2. 7). The fact that your solution does not change no matter how much you increase x2 s coe cient means that there is no way to make x2 10. 4 and still satisfy the constraints of the problem. The fact that your solution does change when you increase x2 s coe cient by enough means that there is a feasible basis in which x2 takes on a value lower than 10. 4. You knew that. Examine the original basis for the problem. ) The range for x4 is di? erent. Line four of the sensitivity tabl e says that the solution of the problem does not change provided that the coe cient of x4 in the objective function stays between 16 (allowable increase 15 plus objective function coe cient 1) and -4 (objective function coe cient minus allowable decrease). That is, if you make x4 su ciently more attractive, then your solution will change to permit you to use more x4 . If you make x4 su ciently less attractive the solution will also change. This time to use less x4 .Even when the solution of the problem does not change, when you change the coe cient of a basic variable the value of the problem will change. It will change in a predictable way. Speci? cally, you can use the table to tell you the solution of the LP when you take the original constraints and replace the original objective function by max 21 + 62 + 33 + x4 (that is, you change the coe cient of x2 from 4 to 6), then the solution to the problem remains the same. The value of the solution changes because now you multiply the 10. 4 units of x2 by 6 instead of 4. The objective function therefore goes up by 20. . The reduced cost of a variable is the smallest change in the objective function coe cient needed to arrive at a solution in which the variable takes on a cocksure value when you solve the problem. This is a mouthful. Fortunately, reduced cost are redundant information. The reduced cost is the disallow of the allowable increase for non-basic variables (that is, if you change the coe cient of x1 by 7, then you arrive at a problem in which x1 takes on a positive 5 value in the solution). This is the same as saying that the allowable increase in the coe cient is 7.The reduced cost of a basic variable is always zero (because you need not change the objective function at all to make the variable positive). Neglecting rare cases in which a basis variable takes on the value 0 in a solution, you can ? gure out reduced cost from the other information in the table If the ? nal value is positive, then the reduced cost is zero. If the ? nal value is zero, then the reduced cost is negative one times the allowable increase. Remarkably, the reduced cost of a variable is also the amount of open in the dual constraint associated with the variable.With this interpretation, complementary lingeringness implies that if a variable that takes on a positive value in the solution, then its reduced cost is zero. 3. 2 Sensitivity Information on Constraints The hour sensitivity table discusses the constraints. The cell column identi? es the location of the left-hand side of a constraint the name column gives its name (if any) the ? nal value is the value of the left-hand side when you plug in the ? nal values for the variables the shadow price is the dual variable associated with the constraint the constraint R. H. ide is the right hand side of the constraint allowable increase tells you by how much you can increase the right-hand side of the constraint without changing the basis the allowable dec rease tells you by how much you can decrease the right-hand side of the constraint without changing the basis. Complementary Slackness guarantees a relationship between the columns in the constraint table. The di? erence between the Constraint Right-Hand Side column and the Final Value column is the slack. (So, from the table, the slack for the three constraints is 0 (= 12 12), 37 (= 7 ( 30)), and 0 (= 10 10), respectively.We know from Complementary Slackness that if there is slack in the constraint then the associated dual variable is zero. Hence CS tells us that the second dual variable must be zero. Like the case of changes in the variables, you can ? gure out information on allowable changes from other information in the table. The allowable increase and decrease of non-binding variables can be computed knowing ? nal value and right-hand side constant. If a constraint is not binding, then adding more of the resource is not going to change your solution. Hence the allowable incre ase of a resource is in? ite for a non-binding constraint. (A nearly equivalent, and also true, statement is that the allowable increase of a resource is in? nite for a constraint with slack. ) In the example, this explains why the allowable increase of the second constraint is in? nite. One other quantity is also no surprise. The allowable decrease of a non-binding constraint is equal to the slack in the constraint. Hence the allowable decrease in the second constraint is 37. This means that if you decrease the right-hand side of the second constraint from its original value (7) to nything greater than 30 you do not change the optimal basis. In fact, the only part of the solution that changes when you do this is that the value of the slack variable for this constraint changes. In this paragraph, the point is only this If you solve an LP and ? nd that a constraint is not binding, 6 then you can remove all of the reinvigorated (slack) portion of the resource associated with this con straint and not change the solution to the problem. The allowable increases and decreases for constraints that have no slack are more complicated. Consider the ? rst constraint.The information in the table says that if the right-hand side of the ? rst constraint is between 10 (original value 12 minus allowable decrease 2) and in? nity, then the basis of the problem does not change. What these columns do not say is that the solution of the problem does change. Saying that the basis does not change means that the variables that were zero in the original solution continue to be zero in the new problem (with the right-hand side of the constraint changed). However, when the amount of available resource changes, necessarily the values of the other variables change. You can think about this in many ways. Go back to a standard example like the diet problem. If your diet provides exactly the right amount of Vitamin C, but then for some contend you learn that you need more Vitamin C. You wil l certainly change what you eat and (if you arent getting your Vitamin C through pills make outing pure Vitamin C) in order to do so you probably will need to change the composition of your diet a little more of some foods and perhaps less of others. I am saying that (within the allowable range) you will not change the foods that you eat in positive amounts.That is, if you ate only spinach and oranges and bagels before, then you will only eat these things (but in di? erent quantities) after the change. Another thing that you can do is simply re-solve the LP with a di? erent right-hand side constant and compare the result. To ? nish the discussion, consider the third constraint in the example. The values for the allowable increase and allowable decrease guarantee that the basis that is optimal for the original problem (when the right-hand side of the third constraint is equal to 10) remains obtain provided that the right-hand side constant in this constraint is between -2. 333 and 12. here(predicate) is a way to think about this range. Suppose that your LP involves four production processes and uses three basic ingredients. Call the ingredients land, aim, and capital. The outputs vary use di? erent combinations of the ingredients. Maybe they are growing fruit (using lots of land and exertion), cleaning bathrooms (using lots of labor), reservation cars (using lots of labor and and a bit of capital), and making computers (using lots of capital). For the initial speci? cation of available resources, you ? nd that your want to grow fruit and make cars.If you get an increase in the amount of capital, you may wish to shift into building computers instead of cars. If you learn a decrease in the amount of capital, you may wish to shift away from building cars and into cleaning bathrooms instead. As always when dealing with duality relationships, the the Adjustable Cells table and the Constraints table really provide the same information. Dual variables correspo nd to primal constraints. Primal variables correspond to dual constraints. Hence, the Adjustable Cells table tells you how sensitive primal variables and dual constraints are to changes in the primal objective function.The Constraints table tells you how sensitive dual variables and primal constraints are to changes in the dual objective function (right-hand side constants in the primal). 7 4 Example In this section I will present another formulation example and discuss the solution and sensitivity results. Imagine a furniture play along that makes tables and chairs. A table requires 40 board feet of woodwind instrument and a chair requires 30 board feet of wood. Wood costs $1 per board foot and 40,000 board feet of wood are available. It takes 2 hours of skilled labor to make an un? nished table or an un? ished chair. Three more hours of labor will turn an un? nished table into a ? nished table two more hours of skilled labor will turn an un? nished chair into a ? nished chair. Th ere are 6000 hours of skilled labor available. (Assume that you do not need to pay for this labor. ) The prices of output are given in the table below Product Un? nished Table stainless Table Un? nished Chair Finished Chair Price $70 $140 $60 $110 We want to formulate an LP that describes the production plans that the ? rm can use to maximize its pro? ts. The relevant variables are the number of ? nished and un? ished tables, I will call them TF and TU , and the number of ? nished and un? nished chairs, CF and CU . The revenue is (using the table) 70TU + 140TF + 60CU + 110CF , , while the cost is 40TU + 40TF + 30CU + 30CF (because poke costs $1 per board foot). The constraints are 1. 40TU + 40TF + 30CU + 30CF ? 40000. 2. 2TU + 5TF + 2CU + 4CF ? 6000. The ? rst constraint says that the amount of woodland used is no more than what is available. The second constraint states that the amount of labor used is no more than what is available. Excel ? nds the answer to the problem to be to construct only ? nished chairs (1333. 33 Im not sure what it means to make a administer 1 chair, but lets assume 3 that this is possible). The pro? t is $106,666. 67. Here are some sensitivity questions. 1. What would happen if the price of un? nished chairs went up? Currently they sell for $60. Because the allowable increase in the coe cient is $50, it would not be pro? table to produce them even if they sold for the same amount as ? nished chairs. If the price of un? nished chairs went down, then certainly you wouldnt change your solution. 8 2. What would happen if the price of un? nished tables went up? Here something apparently absurd happens.The allowable increase is greater than 70. That is, even if you could sell un? nished tables for more than ? nished tables, you would not want to sell them. How could this be? The answer is that at current prices you dont want to sell ? nished tables. Hence it is not enough to make un? nished tables more pro? table than ? nished tables, you must make them more pro? table than ? nished chairs. Doing so requires an even greater increase in the price. 3. What if the price of ? nished chairs fell to $100? This change would alter your production plan, since this would involve a $10 decrease in the price of ? ished chairs and the allowable decrease is only $5. In order to ? gure out what happens, you need to re-solve the problem. It turns out that the best thing to do is specialize in ? nished tables, producing 1000 and earning $100,000. Notice that if you continued with the old production plan your pro? t would be 70 ? 1333 1 = 93, 333 1 , so the change in production plan 3 3 was worth more than $6,000. 4. How would pro? t change if lumber supplies changed? The shadow price of the lumber constraint is $2. 67. The range of values for which the basis remains unchanged is 0 to 45,000.This means that if the lumber supply went up by 5000, then you would continue to specialize in ? nished chairs, and your pro? t would go up b y $2. 67 ? 5000 = $10, 333. At this point you presumably run out of labor and want to reoptimize. If lumber supply decreased, then your pro? t would decrease, but you would still specialize in ? nished chairs. 5. How much would you be willing to pay an additional carpenter? Skilled labor is not worth anything to you. You are not using the labor than you have. Hence, you would pay nothing for additional workers. 6. Suppose that industrial regulations complicate the ? ishing process, so that it takes one extra hour per chair or table to turn an un? nished product into a ? nished one. How would this change your plans? You cannot read your answer o? the sensitivity table, but a bit of common sense tells you something. The change cannot make you better o?. On the other hand, to produce 1,333. 33 ? nished chairs youll need 1,333. 33 extra hours of labor. You do not have that available. So the change will change your pro? t. Using Excel, it turns out that it becomes optimal to specialize i n ? nished tables, producing 1000 of them and earning $100,000. This problem di? ers from the original one because the amount of labor to create a ? nished product increases by one unit. ) 7. The owner of the ? rm comes up with a design for a beautiful handcraft footlocker. Each cabinet requires 250 hours of labor (this is 6 weeks of full time work) and uses 50 board feet of lumber. Suppose that the company can sell a cabinet for $200, would it be worthwhile? You could solve this 9 problem by changing the problem and adding an additional variable and an additional constraint. Note that the coe cient of cabinets in the objective function is 150, which re? cts the sale price minus the cost of lumber. I did the computation. The ? nal value increased to 106,802. 7211. The solution involved trim down the output of un? nished chairs to 1319. 727891 and increasing the output of cabinets to 8. 163265306. (Again, please tolerate the fractions. ) You could not have guessed these ? gures in advance, but you could ? gure out that making cabinets was a good idea. The way to do this is to value the inputs to the production of cabinets. Cabinets require labor, but labor has a shadow price of zero. They also require lumber. The shadow price of lumber is $2. 7, which means that each unit of lumber adds $2. 67 to pro? t. Hence 50 board feet of lumber would reduce pro? t by $133. 50. Since this is less than the price at which you can sell cabinets (minus the cost of lumber), you are better o? using your resources to build cabinets. (You can check that the increase in pro? t associated with making cabinets is $16. 50, the added pro? t per unit, times the number of cabinets that you actually produce. ) I attached a sheet where I did the same computation assuming that the price of cabinets was $150. In this case, the additional option does not lead to cabinet production. 10