Trafficking Of African Women and Girls Essay Example for Free

Trafficking Of Afri arouse Women and Girls EssayPart 1 Problem gay trafficking tarnishes the global scene today, as slain truth utilize to decades ago. The women and girls atomic number 18 vulnerable to developing inwardly the country as healthful as out of the country. The trafficking of women and girls for whoredom is a big business. The horrific experiences of migrant women and girls, who adjudge in truth little choice or go steady over their lives is a sad tale.Women argon made to operate on in extremely exploitive contours of cozy exploitation, laboured to risky practices, exalted trains of exposure to HIV, brat, power and even murder. The trafficking of women is th troika largest profit qualification business which runs in the form of organized plague. It is just little behind the practices in the field of medicine deals and arms deals. Human trafficking denotes business with forgiving souls and spirit, which is in gay. Africa needs to establish stron ger rights against trafficking of women and girls, complemented by Commonwealth, amnesty International, Human Rights and early(a) world forums.International Law chthonic the rules delimitate by military mankindity rights with the support of unite Nations, needs to range a very proactive role in safeguarding and protecting the dupes who encounter been subjected to trafficking. The philosophy of International law needs to be more defined to help and support individual within the state rather than the protection of the state al adept. In the past International Law was notorious for the informality with which it sanctioned rage against non-western people (Bal Krishnan Rajagopal, 2003.p.11) in the colonial set-up.The advocates of International Law should avoid the previous cart track of resistance to interfere in the subjects related to domestic events and delirium. Rather it should actively play involved to acknowledgment such issues and help the government and the l ocal bodies return effective steps to control such problem. The law enforcement authorities need to retch together an effective plan to ensure safety and force exploitation. The overlay border laws need to get tighter so that loopholes whitethorn not be wrongfully utilise by people to migrate across borders illeg all(prenominal)y for interrupt prospects and then being exploited to prostitution and forced labor.The universal definition of trafficking as formulated by Human Rights can be briefed in this succinct and statement. It defines trafficking in persons as the employment, carrying, transfer, possession or delivery of persons, by the use of intimidation or essential in which some class of kidnapping, cheating, deceit, oppression and exploitation is used. It throw out states that some(prenominal) exchange (giving or receiving) of expenses in the form of payment or profit to induce a person to give consent in the situation when a person is having control over the other person, for the deceptive heading of exploitation ( even if the person has given consent) lessens under the practice of trafficking.Exploitation has been further expanded to define exploitation for the purpose of prostitution which means get offual exploitation in various models. It in ever soy case includes forced labor of services, slavery or practices similar to slavery in some form of servitude. This definition has been formulated as the skeleton of the worldwide definition of trafficking so that there is universal understanding with clear guidelines which can help several(prenominal)ize the problem of trafficking in different regions and different communities. This can help prevent, stop and punish the trafficking persons peculiarly women and children, supplementing the unite Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime. (Raymond and Hughes, 2001)The international recognition of a common definition would help come to uniform legal action taken against the perpetrators so that effective law and enforcement can be executed. or so of the key questions which set about been addressed argon who are trafficked for the purpose of sexual exploitation whether it is across borders or within countries, with or without their consent, through force, fraud, deception or yell of the victim who is vulnerable. Human trafficking is what leads to prostitution, so any measures taken to make anti-trafficking policies should take into consideration the issue of organized prostitution and domestic trafficking. Human Rights rule against trafficking must apply to the international as well as domestic women across the platform. (Raymond and Hughes, 2001)Human trafficking is one of the most stale and raspy crimes which give rise to innumerable victims, mostly young women and girls, who are forced into prostitution or forced labor. They have to live their everyday career under threat, violence and incarceration with no hope and no direction as to where t here spiritedness will lead. This is a life worst than an animal. Most of the exploiters are men or sometimes women who have been through such abuse themselves. Mostly this results from a rosy dream to have a better life, a financial burden, intense poverty and abuse. Human trafficking is mostly an underground activity involved in providing sexual services to countenance clubs, brothels and agencies. The most unique aspect of this type of trade is that in this case a human soundbox is traded instead of commodity. (2006)Part 2 International LawMigration It is very urgent to recognize that women rights should be use universally to grant women equality, security, liberty, integrity and dignity like all other deserving human beings. These rights and principles are enshrined in international instruments, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and policy-making Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights , the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of favouritism against Women and the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1993). This annunciation will strengthen the process to address that violence against women is an obstacle in achieving equality, breeding and peace, so beneficial strategies need to be implemented to fight violence and abuse and exploitation against women.Most of the women who entered fall in States came on tourist visas and overstayed their visas. sometimes they would use fraudulent travel documents. Some of the legal means by which they entered United States were on spousal visas, student visa, and choke permit and on rare occasion with an immigration jet plane card.These variety of different ways in which a person can enter another country, are major loopholes which are used by the marketers to be successful in their mission. It requires more strict position on the part of the law enforcement an d immigration officials. The success of the trafficker is often supported by the entanglement of the local legitimate businesses such as hotels, bars, travel agencies which flourish as the result pf cooperation and corruption of the immigration and law enforcement agents worldwide (Raymond and Hughes, 2001).Trafficking flourishes for the major part because the victims extremity to migrate to a particular country other than their own for innumerable reasons. This requires cooperation and great deal of border crossing from one country to another. It is greatly touch by the demand and the supply, as determined by the current ruffle. The demand and the supply aspect of human commodity has not always been the same. Over last twenty years four waves have been seen to entrance the migrants heading to Europe. The first wave was characterized by women from Far East, especially from the Philippines and Thailand, this was immediately followed by the second wave of women originating from L atin America, the Dominican Republic and Colombia, the third wave consisted of women from Africa, and in particular Ghana and Nigeria followed in mid-nineties by women from Ukraine and Moldova. (2006).Most of the trafficking groups have networks which are of a multinational and multi-ethnical nature this makes the cross-border operation an easy pathway for vast majority of trafficking cases. Most of the people who are involved in this discreet business and intrust trafficking are restricted to the confines of the geographicalal boundaries of the country or the countries where the victims are conjureed, the countries where they are transported and finally the countries where they are ultimately and eventually exploited. Very few traffickers have moved up to the level of international overcome of operation and network, where they recruit and transport to different countries. Some of the names which crop up significantly in this field are the Albanian traffickers, the Nigerian tra ffickers and the Turkish traffickers (2006)The general studies in organized crime fracture that women are not very involved in the crime activities, but in the world of human trafficking which is dominated by male, women play the roles of the accomplices in three different ways they are the recruiters, sometimes creator victim becomes offenders and in case of Nigerian groups women play very important role in trafficking as a culturally embedded involvement.The strategy used by the trafficking organizations is to deploy women as the recruiter to help them get the first initial contact, which can further be manipulated to overcome the initial suspicion of the victim. Thus women play the safe role to entice, comfort and then exploit the other women. Several reports mention that women are used as a trap by showing off their wealth and social status, to get the jr. women to aspire and aim for the same glitter and shine, leading to the path of darkness and dungeon.In Nigeria these women perpetrators play a very important role and are referred to as Madame. These Madames are former victims and they work as intermediary between the prostitutes and the traffickers. Nigeria plays a very significant role in the organized trafficking specially in the European countries. The study done by the Nigerian Ploice Force and the Women Trafficking and Child Labor Eradication infrastructure (WOTCLEF) has come up with the estimate that the number of women who are trafficked out of the country shows sharp increase in the numbers from 1126 in 1999 to 5000 in the year 2001. Nigerian women constitute to about 80% of the workers in the sex industry of Italy. Some of the other European countries which are common destinations for these women are Spain, Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, Austria and the United Kingdom.The destinations vary in their acceptance and legal privileges. Italy is the only(prenominal) European country where majority of legally resident Nigerians are women. (2006). in that respect is a clear connection between the trafficking and its roots in Nigeria, this is directly related to high level of corruption in both public and mystical sectors. The trafficking is a self propelling vicious cycle, which moves on from victims becoming trafficker.It always begins with a pact, which keeps on increasing with penalties and punishments, and the best option to clear the debt is to continue to work for freedom and eventually become a Madame. In Nigeria traffickers do not always have to recruit victims many times victims come to them. It is a very open trafficking market, where many times girls are put under pressure by the family to get involved with trafficking. . In Nigeria the classy lady is called the Italo women who return to Nigeria afterwards a couple of years of prostitution in Italy. (2006).International Law needs to play a dynamic role in the internal momentum to curb corruption and support international institutions to take active role in creat ing sense and safeguarding the rights of its women and girls. There are several vim and entrust chemical element of economic, political and social nature which encourages the victim, to fall prey to the trafficker. The victims are vulnerable and dependent on the trafficker for they are involved in a business which is illegal and ill-reputed. It is a very complex regulation issue for the law enforcement authorities to control and regulate the complex nature of human trafficking. The migrant women and girls have very limited choice or control over their lives. In this new era of globalization, these women and girls are the new slaves of the contemporary era.The attractiveness of this industry on the international level as an organized crime network is estimated at $7 billion USD. The monetary return keeps the practice alive and creeping at a very high rate. A trafficker can buy a girl in China for $20/- to $30/- USD and can sell her in San Francisco for $3000/- USD. Monzini, Paola (2005). Human trafficking, the modern euphemism for slavery, is a major problem in Africa. The trafficking in women and girls is now considered the third largest source of profit for organized crime, behind only drugs and arms. This situation has resulted in a very high number of women who are forced to compete for work in the conditions of excessive social exploitation and are forced to risky practices which ultimately leads to very high levels of HIV, brutality and slaughter. The practices which are considered standard in this kind of marketplace are often very harsh and extremely brutal. It is like slow, dark and dreadful death of the body and the soul (Monzini, Paola (2005).The term declaration of violence against women implies any act of gender based violence which causes or is likely to cause any kind of physical, sexual or psychological harm or endureing to the women. These acts are very well defined as acts of intimidation and force or illogical withdrawal of the freedom i n the public or the private life. Women like men are allowed to have pleasure and gratification just like men. They also need the security of all human rights and fundamental freedoms which are considered necessary for good living. They need for their ontogenesis and development freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field. They need the sanction of the same rights as the right to life, equality, liberty and security as an individual.They also need the right of equal protection under the law, freedom from all forms of discrimination, the right to seek the best physical and mental health, right to work in just and humane conditions. They specially need the right to be protected against badgering or cruelty, where inhuman and degrading treatment and punishment is practiced. The state has the responsibility to attack such practices of violence against women and should restrict any such customs, traditions and religious practices which enforce such in human practices. State should immediately and forcefully intervene in curbing any such practices by introducing a sound policy which enacts without delay to eliminate violence against women.The different branches and the specialized agencies of the United Nations within their respective fields of operation should acknowledge the recognition of the rights and principles which has been mentioned and acknowledge within the Declaration. The Declaration is like the flashlight highlighting the misery of the women and showing them the course of action which could keep up them from this peril. It gives the essential guidelines for awareness and self recovery (1993).Part 3 Viable Change Poverty, social time out and family pressures and even natural disasters sow the seeds for the practice, while armed conflict, corrupt governments and a universal demand for flashy labor help reap the crops of new victims. Africa needs to establish stronger laws against the trafficking of women and childre n on and from the continent as well as better child-labor laws, a former U.S. ambassador to Madagascar told members of the newly reconstituted Africa, Global Human Rights, and International Operations. 1 should investigation into the causes and forms of violence against women, looking at the relationship between poverty, militarization and discrimination.. Amnesty International shows how women have led campaigns against all forms of violence and have achieved dramatic changes in laws, policies and practices. This is an inhuman condition which cannot be allowed to emerge, as it tarnishes the color of human race and civilized society.There is a complex push and pull factors which determine the nature of trafficking and the vicious cycle which it creates. It is a complex mixture of circumstances and the reasons why people want to leave their country to migrate to another country with dreams of better and silklikeer future. Some of the key factors which push the victim to take such a drastic step can be categorized as socio-economic push factor which is a lure to amore wealthier country for escape from poverty and desire for better or wealthier lifestyle. Sometimes the decision to migrate is backed by desire to support the family financially and dream to ensure better future for the children. Some just want to have high social status with modern and emancipated lifestyle. In some societies and cultures women are not given the freedom to growth and good life.These cultural factors can push a woman to leave their woman-unfriendly atmosphere where she does not have the same chance as men to education and career. Political circumstances, turmoil and civic unrest can also be factors which may motivate a woman to take refuge to some other country where difficulty and threat to life would be less. Some of the other factors which might play a significant role in migration could be alcoholism, drug addiction, criminality, maltreatment in the social proximity of a person. These factors lead to unemployment and poverty, which leads to migration and trafficking.Some of the pull factors are opportunities for better life and future, with employment and lack of poverty. The prospect of brighter and wealthier lifestyle in the west is a great lure. The demand for prostitutes and the demand for services, in wide variety of areas can be a temptation for taking the step to leave the security of the country to migrate in another country. (2006).A very serious concern for national and international institutions should be the health effects of sex trafficking and prostitution. The investigation in medical and social sciences indicate rates of high incidence of HIV/AIDS and sexually contractable infections (STIs) in certain populations of women in prostitution. The physical and emotional effects and aftereffects of trafficking and prostitution on women is also a great concern for health care providers and social service providers. A considerable number of women suffer from various health problems related to violence and sexual exploitation. The nature of their injuries is similar to those of women who are battered, featherbedd and sexually assaulted. Their situation is grim and their plight is miserable.The fundamental source of trafficking is the lack of awareness, insufficient support, lack of education, vulnerability of women as a gender. On an international scene explosion of organized crime and easy access to cargo ships of Humans women and girls across border with a promise for better and brighter picture. The dependant status of this gender further encourages trapped into such practices, even without conscious will.The national consciousness, international legal support and geographic migration laws have to join hands to bring about effective change in the depressing condition of women and girls in Africa. The human rights should play a forceful role backed by powerful countries to support in aid and legislation with severe penalt ies for the offenders. This is an inhuman condition which cannot be allowed to emerge, as it tarnishes the color of human race and civilized society. Countries, organization and people should unite to fight against and encounter the grim condition emergent on the African soil. One should tap into the greatest resource in Africa Women and give them a bright and promising future.Rajgopal, offers great insight into this field with his research experience in sulfur and Southeast Asia, South Africa and Brazil. His current investigation into four areas of research new democratic and legal strategies for making operational the socio-economic rights, especially rights to water, food, land, housing, and environment in India, South Africa and Brazil the impact of globalization and decentralization on protection of human rights the accountability of international organizations and corporate compliance with human rights law. He helped establish first human-rights field blot in CambodiaHelpe d establish the first human-rights field office of the United Nations in the mid-1990s and has been a consultant to several international organizations and NGOs on development-related human rights and legal issues. Member of the Asia Advisory Board of Human Rights Watch, the Executive Council of the American Society of International Law and the International Advisory Board of the Robert Kennedy Memorial Center for Human Rights.The conceit of International Human Rights is western in origin rather non-western societies did not have a initiation of human rights. Now that the world has become so global the countries should unite to fight this war of exploitation and slavery hideously practiced by the traffickers hiding under the mask of businesses, law enforcement and predators. Jack Donnelly puts it. human rights represent a distinctive set of social practices, tied to particular notions of human dignity, that initially arose in the modern west in response to the social and political changes produced by modern states and modern capitalistic market economies. (Bal Krishnan Rajagopal,2003, p.175)International Law should find a way to penetrate and resist the violence and torture of any kind inflicted on any woman and girl, in any country, by implementing forceful laws which issue severe penalties, restrict illegal migration and punish the organized trafficking institution. The government should protect the victim, raise their realistic awareness and provide safer domestic environment. The recognition of the rights and the penalties for the offenders can ensure the safety of these victims, who are waiting to be deliver from the tyranny of physical torture, psychological degradation and social elimination. They deserve a normal human life like every other individual and they should be guaranteed this without condition.Annotated Bibliography1. Akintunde, Dorcas Olu Labeodan Helen (2002) WOMEN AND THE CULTURE OF VIOLENCE IN TRADITIONAL AFRICA. Nigeria, Sefer Books Ltd.This is a collection of essays first presented at the Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians on February 5, 2002.These wall papers look at a variety of issues concerned with womens rights in Africa.The authors describe the realities of equal rights policies, sex and power, cultural roots of insecurity.2. Amnesty International (2004) ITS IN OUR HANDS Stop force-out Against Women. United Kingdom Amnesty International.This is an investigation into the causes and forms of violence against women, looking at the relationship between poverty, militarization and discrimination.Amnesty International shows how women have led campaigns against all forms of violence and have achieved dramatic changes in laws, policies and practices.3. Bal Krishnan Rajagopal.( 2003) International Law from Below Development, Social Movements and leash realism Resistance. United States, Cambridge University Press.The emergence of transnational social movements as major actors in international polit ics as witnessed in Seattle in 1999 and elsewhere has sent shockwaves through the international system. Many questions have arisen about the legitimacy, gluiness and efficiency of the international order in the light of the challenges posed by social movements.This ground-breaking oblige offers a fundamental critique of twentieth-century international law from the perspective of Third World social movements the first ever to do so. It examines in detail the growth of two key components of modern international law international institutions and human rights in the context of changing historical patterns of Third World resistance.Using a historical and interdisciplinary approach, Rajagopal presents compelling evidence challenging current debates on the evolution of norms and institutions, the meaning and nature of the Third World, as well as the political economy of its involvement in the international system.4. Commonwealth secretariat (2003) REPORT OF THE EXPERT GROUP ON STRA TEGIES FOR COMBATING THE TRAFFICKING OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN. United Kingdom Commonwealth secretariat.The trafficking in women and girls is now considered the third largest source of profit for organized crime, behind only drugs and arms.This concise report describes the political and social minimise to the trade across the Commonwealth and looks at prevention strategies and assistance to victims. Bib5. Hallam, Rebecca (1994) CRIMES WITHOUT PUNISHMENT Sexual agony and violence Against Female Students in Schools and Universities in Africa. United kingdomAfrican Rights.This is a discussion paper addressing the widespread and persistent problem of sexual harassment and violence against women and girls in educational institutions in Africa.The paper also deals with wider problems of teenage pregnancy and lack of sex education in schools, and the specific problem of rape by forces of the state, such as soldiers and policemen.6. Human Rights Watch (2002) THE WAR WITHIN THE WAR Sexual Viol ence against Women and Girls in Eastern Congo.USA Africa Watch/ Human RightsForces on all sides in the Congo conflict have committed war crimes against women and girls, Human Rights Watch said in a new 114-page report.The report documents the familiar and sometimes systematic use of rape and other forms of sexual violence in the Rwandan-occupied areas of eastern Congo.7. Monzini, Paola (2005) sexual activity TRAFFIC Prostitution, Crime, and Exploitation.United kingdom Zed Books.The trafficking of women and girls for prostitution is big business. This book focuses on the experiences of migrant women and girls who have very little choice or control over their lives.Women are forced to compete for work in conditions of extreme sexual exploitation, often being exposed to risky sexual practices, high levels of HIV, violence and murder.This book examines the techniques of recruitment, methods of transportation, and forms of exploitation abroad, and focuses on womens own experiences of m igration. It explains the mechanisms of supply and demand and assesses attempts at controlling trafficking and strategies for resistance and change.8. Oguli Oumo, Margaret Molokomme, Imelda M. Gwaba, Monde M. Mogegeh, Valencia K.D (2002) PROMOTING AN INTEGRATED address TO COMBAT GENDER BASED VIOLENCE A training manual. United Kingdom Commonwealth SecretariatThis is a manual promoting an integrating approach to combat gender based violence with governments, non governmental organizations, private sector and international organizations working together.It includes instructional material and case studies for training trainers, middle level professionals, development workers and extension agents9. (20 December 1993). Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women. Retrieved March 29, 2007, from Office Of The United Nations naughty Commissioner For Human Rights meshwork office www.ohchr.org/english/law/eliminationvaw.htm(1993)10. Raymond and Hughes, Janice G. and Donna M. (March 2001). SEX TRAFFICKING OF WOMEN. Retrieved March 29, 2007, from Coalition Against Trafficking in Women Web site action.web.ca/home/catw/attach/sex_traff_us.pdf(Raymond and Hughes, 2001)11. (2006). TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS. Retrieved March 29, 2007, from Assesing Organized Crime Web site www.assessingorganisedcrime.net/publications/AOC-DLV17-vR3.pdf